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COL. GEORGE WASHINGTON FLOWERS
MEMORIAL COLLECTION
DUKE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
DURHAM. N. C.
PRESENTED BY
W. W. FLOWERS
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ANDREWS'
MOUNTED AMILLERY DRILL
COMPILKD
ACCOUBING TO TKE LATEST REGULATIONS
FROM
STANDARD MILITARY A U T II 0 R I T Y ,
R. SNOWDEN ANDREWS,
llt'JTtKAM-COLONLL COMMaNMNG UATTAUON AraiLlEKT.
CHARLESTON:
KVANb AND COGSWELL.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by
R. SNOWDEN ANDREWS,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Confederate States for the
District of Charleston, South Carolina,
Cf^^^t ITt
THE ROWERS COILECTWN
*/<i2.
^/e^-H-
By pcrniiysioii, this work '\s dcdicuted to "The
Christijin Soldier," Lieutenant- Gencrsil T. J. Jack-
son, by his hite Chief of Division Artillery, as a
slight token of appreciation of the kindness of the
following complimentary language: " For Major
Andrews' gallant and meritorious conduct in the
Battle of Cedar Run, I respectfully recommend
that his appointment date from that battle."
However worthless this work in itself may be,
it assumes something of value in the author's eyes
when thus rendered a tribute of respect to " Old
Stonewall."
E. SNOWDEN ANDREWS,
Licuttaani- Colonel Comma, tdiiuj Jiaitalion Artillery.
Milfonl, April 11, 1863.
294544
-rtfia_2flTWn WT
\Mjjmi
PREFACE.
At tlie beginning ol' this war, the onl}^ Light
ArtiUery work of any diameter in cireuLation was
that prepared by a boai'il of United States Artillery
officers, and prescribed by the United States govern-
ment. By the many references to the modifications
referring to Horse Artillery (of which there were
none at that time in the United States army, and
are at this time but three in the Confederate States
army — the command of the gallant Pelham), and by
the insertion of details respecting it, together with
constant references to other movements described in
other parts of the book, the explanations of the
various manoeuvres were found to be complex and
confusing. A large quantity of Ordnance matter,
useful in its proper place but cumbersome in a book
of tactics, was inserted in this work, taken from
the United States Ordnance Manual. In the battles
before Richmond, where the 1st Maryland Artillery
compan}', under my command, had the high honor,
G PREFACE.
• at Mechanicsvillc, of firino- the first ii:iin, the fortune
of war tlirew into my hands a little work on Field
Artillery, b}^ j\[r. Patten, late oificer United States
armj^, published in New York, in I^ovember, 1861.
This contained every manoeuvre of the other, with
a clear and simple explanation, complete in itself,
without the necessity of reference to other parts of
the book, and omitting the details and modifications
in reference to Horse Artiller}'-, and met most of the
objections to the other work. It possessed over the
other a great merit in the engravings, illustrating
correctly the several members of the gun detachment,
in all the various positions they have respectively
to assume while serving and discharging the piece.
This was accurately done by means of photograph3\
Valuable as I found this book, it was incomplete —
omitting the necessary and essential bugle calls for
drill, camp, and field duties. These have been sup-
plied in this work. Since November 1, 1861, the
necessities of the service have introduced new guuSi
the modifications to orabrace these have also been
^tjppUecl, particularly in i'efevence to tho light 12-
poundor, or Napoleon gun. This gun was introduced
by mo ittto the Confedomte service— three of thorn,
under an order from Governor Letohor, having been
made for me^ from drawings furnished by myself, at
PREFACE. 7
the Tredeo;nr worlds, in Juno and July, 18G1, and used
at Evansport in the fall and winter of 18G1 and 1862.
Latel}^ our G-poundei\s and 12-poundei' howitzers have
been or are being i-eeast into Naj^oleon g-nns of \ny
pattern — the ITnited States pattern slightly modified.
A few pages referring to tiie organization, equip-
ment, and management of a mounted battery, and
the care and pi'eservation of artillery horses, will, I
trust, be useful, though somewhat out of place in a
book of tactics. This work agrees in every essential
particular with the one prepared by the board of
United States officers. It would have been better to
have had wood-cut ratlier than lithographic illustra-
tions, as the cuts would then have been on the same
page with the explanations of the various manoeuvres
The blockade renders this at this time impossible.
Whatever of merit there may be in this compilation,
the public are for it indebted to the cordial approval
of the plan, when suggested b}' me, by the efficient
head of Ordnance Bureau, Colonel Josiah Gorgas.
11. SNOWDEN ANDEEWS,
Ltfufenant-Coloucl Commanding Aiidreicn' Battalion Artillery.
Mllford, April 1 , 1863.
234544
ARTILLERY DRILL.
Pakt First.
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE.
Article I.
NOMENCLATURE AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES.
The troops of the Artillery are divided into two
kinds, viz : Foot ArtUler}/, and Light or Field Artillery.
To the Foot Artillery belong the service of siege,
sea-coast, garrison, and mountain artillery, rocket bat-
teries, and the artillery duties of the park.
To the Field Artillery belongs the service of the bat-
teries which manoexivre with the troops on the field of battle.
It is divided into two parts: Horse Artillery, which is
generally attached to and manoeuvres with cavalry,
the cannoneers being mounted on horseback, and
Mounted Artillery, which is generally attached to and
manoeuvres with infantry, the cannoneers marching at
the sides of their pieces, or, when necessary, mounting
the ammunition chests. As this last division consti-
tutes the only Field Artillery used in the service (except
two companies under General J. E. B. Stuart), the in-
struction in this book will be in reference to Mounted
Artillery alone.
10 .SCHOOL OF THE PIECE.
The (:fuN
Figures 1 and 2. The term Cannon embraces all
kinds of lieavj^ ordnance, guns, howitzers, mortars;
each is mounted on a carriage^ and each field carriage
has a limber.
The term piece is applied to the cannon, and is also
used to desio-nate it in union with its carriaa'e, witli or
without the limber attached.
The front of a piece, when Umbered^ or prepared for
moving, is the direction in which the pole points;
when, unlimbered, or prepared for action, it is the
direction in which the gun points; the right and left
are in each case determined accordingly^
The calibre and description of the pieces now in
use in the service of the Confederate States are the
(5-pounder and 12-pounder gun; the 12-pounder, 24-
pounder, and 32-pounder howitzer; and the 12-pound-
er ligfd gun, or, as it is sometimes called, Napoleon.
These are assembled in batteries of six or of eight
pieces on the war establishment, of which four or
six are guns, and two are howitzers; and of four
pieces on the peace establishment, of which three are
guns and one a howitzer. The 12-pounder guns and
24-pounder or 32-pounder howitzers are associated
together in the same batteries, which are called
V2-2Wunder batteries, and the 6-pounder guns and 12-
pounder howitzers are associated together in like
manner, and called (S-pounder batteries.
Howitzers are cannon formed with chambers for the
reception of the cartridge. Figure 2.
The bore is the interior hollow cylinder which re-
ceives the charge. It includes all the part bored out,
viz: the cylinder., the cliamhcr. if there is one, and the
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 11
curved surfiice connecting them. The bottom of the
bore is a phmo surface perpendicuhar to the axis. Its
diameter is somewhat less than that of the hore, and
is united with the sides hy a curved surfixce. Tlie
muzzle is the entrance of the bore.
Tho'breech is the mass of solid metal between the
bottom of the bore and the cascabel. The seat for the
hausse is behind the base of the breccii.
T\\o cascabel is the projecting part which terminates
the piece. It consists of the knob, the ncc/c, and the
Jillet.
The reinforce is the thickest part of the body of the
gun.
The chase is the conical part of the gun in front of
the reinforce.
The 7icclc is the smallest part of the piece in front of
the astragal, or mouldings, at the termination of the
chase.
The swell of the muzzle is the large part of the gun
in front of the neck; it gives strength to the gun at
its termination, and facilitates the pointings; the muz-
zle sight is screwed into it. In field howitzers a mtizzle
band takes the place of the swell of the muzzle.
The face is the front plane terminating the piece.
The trunnions are the projecting c^dinders at the
sides of tlio gun which support it on its carriage.
Their axos are in one line, which is perpendicular to
the axis of the bore and iu the sumo piano with it.
Tho rimbases arc the short cylinders uniting the
ti'unnions with tho body of tho gun. Their ends, or
tho shoulders of the trunnions, are iu planes porpei^
dioular to tho axis of tho trunnions,
Tho vent is a cylindrical hole, terminating near the
bottom of the bore, through Avhicl! fire is conamuni-
12 SCHOOL OF THE PIECE.
e'ated to the charge. It is bored through n vent piece
of wrought copper, wliich is screwed into the gun.
The liandles in heavy field guns are used in the me-
chanical manoeuvres. They are placed, with their
centres, over the centre of gravity of the piece.
■*
The Carriage.
Figure 8. The cheeks are two pieces of wood be-
tween wliich the o-un rests.
The ^tock is of squared wood, in two pieces, joined
to the f'heeks, and serving to connect tlie two parts of
the carriage togeth(M\ It is used in directing the
piece, etc.*
Tlie trail is the curved part of the stock, Avhich rests
on the ground when the piece is in battery.
The trunnion plates are fastened on the cheeks to
receive the trunnions.
The cap squares are pieces of iron placed over the
ti'unnions to keep them in their plates. They are fas-
tened b}' chains, pins, and kej's.
The elevating screw serves to raise or lower the
breech. It has a handle with four prongs.
The lock chain is placed on the side of the carriage.
It serves to keep the wheel from turning.
The trail handles are placed on each side of the stock,
and serve to raise it.
The trail plate is a piece of iron fastened at the trail,
having a ver}^ stout ring, called the trail lunettCj which
receives the pintle hook.
The jwinting rings (large or small) are on the trail;
the large one turns. They receive the handspike.
The prolonge hooks are placed on the upper part of
tiie stock. They serve to secure the prolonge when
coiled.
SCHOOL OF THE TIErE. 18
lamA^'lUJilLy^L . The Limber.
The limber is tlie forward part of the carriage, and
I'lins upon the two fore wheels.
The axle body is the wooden part in which the iron
axle-tree is placed.
The hounds are pieces of wood connecting the body
of the axle to the splinter bar, and upon which the
ammunition chest rests.
The fork is a piece of wood between the hounds, and
ibrms an opening in which the pole is placed.
The splinter bar serves for hitching the wheel-horses,
and has for this purpose four trace hooks. It is fastened
on the hounds and fork.
The pole straps guide the pole. They are attached
to the harness of the wheel-horses, })assiiig through
slirling loops 0]\ the breast straps.
The branches of the pole yoke are attached by means
of sliding rings to the collars of the Avhcel-horseS; and
support the pole.
The pintle hook, on the hind part of the limber axle-
tree, serves to unite the limber to the carriage, and
has a key.
The ammunition chest serves to transport ammuni-
tion, and is placed on the limber.
The Caisson.
It consists of a frame, mounted on v/heels, for the
transportation of two ammunition chests, a spare
wheel, and other spare parts, tools, etc. Its limber is
similar to that of the piece. In case of necessity, can-
noneers may be trans2)orted on the ci>ests.
The 5foc/i; has an iron lunette on the front end; at
the rear end it is let in four inches for its whole width
into the front of the axle body.
14 8CH00L OF THE PIECE.
The axle body is notched to receive the middle mil,
and has tenons to fit into notches in the side rails.
The middle and two side rails, and one cross bar
complete the wooden parts of the frame.
The middle assembling bar (iron) has two ears in the
middle, to serve as stay plates for the ammunition
chests, and a slat for the axe-blade on the right of the
middle rail.
The rear assembling bar supports the spare wheel
axle. It has a slat on the left of the middle rail for
carrying a pickaxe.
The sjyare wheel axle consists of a body and two ribs;
it has a chain and toggle to secure the wheel. There
are two stays for the axle; the bolt hole in the head of
one of them is square, in the other round.
The carriage hook is intended to take a carriage
which may have lost its limber.
The bolster for the front foot-board is fastened on
the middle of the cross bar. The front foot-board is
fastened to the rails and cross bar; the rear foot-board
to the rails only.
The key ^late for spare pole is fastened on the under
side of the lunette. The key is attached to the left
side of the stock by a chain and eye pin, screwed into
the left side of the stock. The spare pole ring is held
by the axle strap.
The spare handspike ring, key plate, and key are on
the right side of the middle rail.
One key pAate and key, for the shovel handle, are
fastened on the inside of the right side rail
The lock chaiii bridle is fastened under the front end
of the left side rail ; it holds the large ring of the lock
chain.
Besides these carriages, a travelling forge, with
SCHOOL or the piece, J 5
Biiiilhs' iiiul arnioror.s' tools and stores, for shoeing
and ordinary repairs, and a battery wagon for stores,
material, and the tools of the carriage-maker, wlicel-
wright, saddler, and harness-maker, form parts of the
batter}'.
The battery of wanwuvre consists of the pieces i^e-
longing to the field battery, with an equal number of
caissons, all properly equipped, horsed, and manned.
Each caisson is permanently attached to a piece, and
manoeuvres with it.
On the war establishment, or when ordered to
march, each carriage of the G-pounder and light 12-
pounder batteries is drawn by six horses. On the
peace establishment, in garrison, four horses onl}- ure
required. When 12-pounder batteries are in the field
or on the road, each piece and caisson of the battery
of manoeuvre requires eight horses, the other car-
riages six horses each.
The Gun DetachiMent.
The cannoneers of a piece when united for the ser-
vice of the gun, or for the preliminary instruction,
constitute a detachment, which is comjjosed ordinarily
of eight men, commanded by the gunner.
A rank is composed of men tibreast; a file of men
placed one behind the other.
The cannoneers fall in in two ranks, eujhteen inches
betw^cen the ranks; elbows slightly touching; and in
such manner that they may be told olf to the duties
at the piece for which they are best fitted. This of
course does not apply to recruits, each of wliom must
be taught the duties of every number under all cir-
cumstances.
The gunner tells the detachment off from the right,
16 SCHOOL OF THE PJECE.
No. 1 being on the right of the rear rank, No. 2 on
the right of the front rank, No. 3 on the left of No. 1,
No. 4 on the left of No. 2, and so on — the even num-
bers being in the front and the odd numbers in the
rear rank. He then takes post on the right of the
front rank. The chief of caisson, who, as well as the
gunner, should be a corporal, is told oif as No. 8 of the
gun detachment. When the detachment is composed
of more or less than eight men, he should be the
highest even number.
When the chief of the piece is present, and not the
instructor, he performs the duties and takes the posi-
tion of the gunner, who then takes post one yard in
rear of the right file and acts as file-closer, except
when the chief of piece is out of ranks, when the gun-
ner resumes his post.
Article II.
METHOD OF INSTRUCTION.
The object of this school is the regular and progres-
sive instruction of the artilleryman in his duties at
and connected with the piece, from the period of his
joining as a recruit.
This instruction is given by the non-coinmissioned
ofiicers, under the supervision of the chiefs of sections.
The instructor should never require a movement to
be perlbrmod until it is exactly explaincel and exe-
cuted by himself. It should be left to the recruit to
take tlu-! positions and execute the movements di-
rected, and he should be touched only to rectify mis-
takes arising from want of intelligence.
Each movement should be perfectly understood
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 17
before passing to another. After tliey have been
properl}^ executed in the order laid down, the in-
structor no longer confines himself to that order.
The instructor allows the men to rest at intervals
during drill, and for this purpose he commands Rest.
At this command the recruit is no longer required to
preserve immobilit3^ At the command Attention, the
man takes his position, and remains motionless.
Great patience and the utmost precision are neces-
sary on the part of the instructor. He should espe-
cially endeavor to excite a spirited and active deport-
ment at every military exercise; and, above all, not to
disgust the men by too long an application to any one
point in the drill.
Article III.
PRELIMINARY INSTRUCTION.
The preliminary instruction to be given to artillery
recruits is the same as that given to the infantry sol-
dier, previous to his instruction in the manual of arms,
embracing the position of the soldier, the facings, and
marching — all of wiiich being fully described in the
first part of instruction in infantry tactics need not
be repeated here, as reference may be made to that
book. Besides this, artillery recruits are early in-
structed in the sabre exercise, the details of wdiich are
fully explained and illustrated i-n the compiler's cav-
alry drill, to which work the learner is referred.
In addition to the foregoing, the light artillery
soldier should be taught how to mount a horse, and
practised at riding, in order that he may be fitted for
duties of driver, and any other position requiring a
18 SCHOOL OF THE PIECE.
knowledge Of horsemauship. He should, moreover,
be instructed in the care of horses, and in the manner
of harnessing and hitching them.
All of these acquirements arc indispensable to the
thorough instruction of the artilleryman, though in-
struction in the scliools of the piece and battery need
]iot be delayed to accomplish them.
AUTlCliE IV.
MANUxVL OF THE PIECE.
For the purpose of instruction, each detachment is
to be formed in front of tlie piece, unlimbered, and
the different numbers are to be called upon, succes-
sively, to perform their respective duties ?'?i detail,
while the rest of the detachment look on and observe
their motions. When it is found difficult to make the
recruit sensible of the defect in his position, the in-
structor will place himself or another recruit in the
correct position.
Nine men, including the gunner, are necessary for
the service of a field piece. When from necessity the
detachment consists of less than nine, the higher nara-
bcrs are struck out and additional duties are imposed
upon those remaining.
Posts of tile CannOxXeers. Piece UNLi^niRED.
Figure 4. The gunner is at the end of the trail
handspike; Nos. 1 and 2 are about two feet outside
the wheels, No. 1 on the right, and No. 2 on tlie
left ', with howitzers, rather in rear of the muzzle; with
g-uhs, in line with the front part of the wheels; Nos.
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 19
3 and 4 are in line with the knob of the.cascabel, cov-
ering Nos. 1 and 2; IS'o. 5 is flue yards in reav of the
left wheel; No. 6 in rear of the limber, and No. 7 on
his left, covering No. 5 ; JS' o. 8, the chief of the caisson,
is /o?//* 3'ards in rear of the limber, and on its left;
all face to the front.
The chief of the piece is opposite the middle of the
trail handspike, outside and near the left cannoneers.
In actual firing he takes his place on the right or left,
where he Ciin best observe the effect of the shot.
Loading and Firino.
The piece is taken to the drill ground, unlimbered,
and prepared for action ; the limber in position behind
the piece, and facing toward it; the end of the pole
six yards from the end of the trail handspike.
For the instruction of recruits united for the service
of the gun, the exercise is conducted by detail, the
instructor giving all the commands. His commands
are, Load by detail — Load; fico, three, four ; Sponge;
two, three, four ; IIaiu ; two, three ; JIkady ; Fire ; Cease
FIHING.
When the men are sufficientlj'' instructed to go
through the manual Avithout detail, the commands of
the instructor for that purpose are. Load ; Commence
firing ; Cease firing; or simply, Commence firing ; and
Cease firing. After the command Commence firing the
action is continued as laid down for loading without
detail, until the command Cease firing is given, which
is repeated by the chief of the piece and the gunner.
Duties of the Gunner.
The p'unner tcives all executive commands in action.
TFe is answerable that all the numbers perform their
20 SCHOOL OF THE TIECE.
duties correctly. He communicates the orders which
lie receives for the kind of ammunition to be fired;
sending to No. 6 the time or distance for each round,
when firing shells or spherical case shot. He should,
when the firing is slow, see that each fuse is properly
prepared, and make such corrections as are necessary ;
for this purpose he, as well as No. 6, should be pro-
vided Avith a fuse irouo-e.
On receiving the command or signal to commence
firing, he gives the command Load; takes hold of the
handspike at the end with his right hand, and at the
centre with his left; places his knee against the left
hand, bending over it, the right knee being slightl}^
bent; looks over the top of the piece, and gives the
direction. He then steps to the breech to give the
elevation, which he does b}^ placing the hausse on its
seat, taking ho|d of a handle of the elevating screw,
drawing back his right foot, bending over his left
knee, and sighting through the slit in the hausse.
(This position is shown in figure 5.)
When the piece is loaded and pointed, he removes
the hausse, gives the command Eeady, and, stepping
clear of the wheel to that side where he can best ob-
serve the effect of his shot, gives the command Fire.
As soon as the piece has been fired, he causes it to be
run up to its former place, if necessary.
When the instructor, instead of divine: the command
Commence firing, gives that of Load, the gunner
repeats it, and performs the same duties as before,
except that he does not command Fire until the
firing is ordered to commence. After the command
Commence firing is given, the action is continued bj-
the gunner, without further commands from the in-
Btrnctor^ until the firing is ordercr] to cease. When
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 21
the commands are all given by the instructor, as in
loading by detail, the gunner performs the same duties,
but without repeating the commands.
Duties of No. 1.
Figure 4. Until the command Load, No. 1 stands
square to tlie front, in line with the front part of the
wheels, holding tlic sponge about the middle of the
staff in his right hand, and trailing it at an angle of
45°, sponge head up. The instructor commands:
By detail — TjOAD.
Three times and four motions.
Figure 6. At this command No. 1 faces to the
left, steps obliquely to the right with his right foot,
Avithout moving his left, and at the same time brings*
the sponge smartly to a perpendicular position by
drawing his right hand up in line witli the elbow.
The sponge is grasped firmly in the hand, and the
rammer head kept just over the riglit toe, the elbow
close to tiie side.
Two.
Figure 7. He steps obliquely to the left with his
left foot, planting it about half-way between the piece
and the wheel, and opposite the muzzle; bringing the
sponge at the same time across his body to the left,
so that his right hand may be opposite the middle of
the body, the sponge staff being inclined at an angle
of 45° across the front of it.
Three.
Figure 8. lie takes a side step to the right of
thirty inches, and, bending his knee, brings the sponge
22 SCHOOL OF THE PIECE.
to a horizontal position, extending the hands to the
ends of the staff, the sponge head to the left, the back
of his right hand up, and that of his left down, the
sponge head against the face of the piece.'
Four.
Figure 9. He inserts the sponge head, drops his
left hand behind his thigh, shoulders square, feet
equally turned out, straightens the right knee, and,
bending over the left, forces the sponge home.
Sponge.
Three iimes and four motions.
Figure 5. At this command No. 1 fixes his eye on
the vent to see that it is closed, gives two turns to the
sponge, taking great care to press it at the same time
against the bottom of the bore.
Two.
Figure 10. He draws out the sponge, at the same
time straightening his left knee, and bending, his
right J seizes the staff near the sponge head with his
left hand, back of the hand down, and places the
sponge against the face of the piece.
Three.
Figure 11. He turns the sponge by bringing his
hands together in the middle of the staff, giving it a
cant with each hand, throwing the sponge head over,
at the same time turning his wrist, which brings the
staff horizontal, and extending his hands to the ends
of the staff, baclv of the left up, that of the other
down.
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE.
23
Four.
Figure 12. H~ introduces the rummer bead into
the muzzle as soon as No. 2 has inserted the charge,
and joins his left hand to his right, casting his ej^c to
the front.
During the whole time of sponging No. 1 keeps his
eye on the vent. If at any time it is not closed, he
will discontinue the mananivre, and comnian<l Stop
VENT..
7'ivo limes and three mol'wn.^.
FicuJKE lo. At this command No. 1 rams home,
throwing the weight of Ins body with the rammer;
bending over his left knee, and passing his left arm,
Avith the elbow slightly bent, and back of the hand
up, in a horizontal position over the piece, until it
points in the direction of the left trunnion; the right
shoulder back, and the eyes cast toward the front
until the cartridge is home.
Two.
Figure 14. lie jerks the sponge out with his right
hand, allowing it to slide through the hand as far as
the middle of the staff, when he grasps it tirmly, and
seizing it close to the rammer head with the left hand,
back of the hand up, places the rammer head against
the face of the piece; both knees straight; eyes to
his own front.
Three.
Figure 15. He then draws the sponge close to his
body, and immediately steps back outside the wheel,
first with the right, then with the left foot, so that
when the ri<-'ht foot is brought to it the right hip n;ia3'
24 SCHOOL OF THE PIECE.
be on a line with the front of the wheel. In drawing
the right foot to the left he gives the sponge a cant
with his left hand, at the same time quitting it, and
brings the sponge to a perpendicular position in the
right hand, the rammer head resting on the right toe.
Eeady.
Figure 16. At this command, which is given as
soon as the piece is loaded, or the firing is about to
commence, No. 1 breaks well off to his left with his
left foot, bending the left knee and straiglitening the
right leg, drops the end of the sponge staff into the
left hand, back of the left down, and fixes his eyes on
the muzzle.
The heels should be parallel to the wdieels, the body-
erect on the haunches, and the sponge and hammer
held in both hands in a horizontal position, sponge
head to the left.
The piece liaving been fired. No 1 rises on his right
knee, and returns to his position, as in the third mo-
tion of Eam.
At the command Load, he steps in and performs his
duties in the same manner as before.
When the loading is not by detail^ No. 1 goes through
all his duties at the command Load, returns to his
position outside the wheel, as given in the third mo-
tion of Ram; breaks off at the command Ready, and
at the flash of the gun rises, steps in, and performs
his duties in the same manner as before. This he
continues nntil the command Cease firing is given,
at wdiich command he resumes the position : To your
posts. If tlic sponging has been commenced when
the command Cease firing is given, it is completed
before No. 1 resumes his post.
SCHOOL OF tup: i'jece, 25
111 sponging iviid rainiiiing, if llic length of tlic ])iocc
requires it, tiic sponge and rammer are to be pressed
liome in two molions, Ko. 1 extending his right hand
to the end of tiic staff as soon as it reaches the muz-
zle.
In sponging howif-rrs, No. 1 presses the s})onge to
tiic bottom of the cliambcr, which should be well
sponged out. He wipes the bore by rubbing its whole
surface, wilhotit allowing the sponge to turn in his
hands.
In the ibrcgoing motions tlie position of the left
foot WMJI not be considered as absolute; it is given as
tiic usual one, and may be modified according to the
calibre of the piece and iieight of the man. The same
remarks wmH applj^ to the distance between the feet.
They will be placed in such position and at such dis-
tance from each other as will enable the man to per-
form his duties wnth the most ease and steadiness,
and at the same time exert his full strength, which
will always be required after firing a few rounds,
especially when a new sponge is used.
One object of joining the left hand to the right and
casting the eyes to the front while. ramming, is to
refuse the right shoulder; and to secure this object,
the left hand, when it passes over the piece, is not
.carried further back than the direction indicated.
This will keep the shoulders in a line parallel with
their position at the commencement of the movement
until the cartridge is set home, and thus guard against
latal results in case of a premature discharge.
Duties of No. 2.
Until the command Load is given^ JSTo. 2 remainu in
his position, sho^vn in figure 4.
3
26 SCHOOL or tiik pij:ck.
On this comjiiand being given, lie. faecs to his right,
mid by two oblique steps, corresponding to those of
No. 1, the first with the left, tlic second at the com-
mand Two, with the right foot, he places himself near
the muzzle of the piece. At the command Three, he
brings up his left foot to the side of the riglit, and
faces to his right, bringing up his hands together to
receive the ammunition from No. 5 — the cartridge in
the right, the shot in the left hand. Figure 17.
As soon as the sponge is withdrawn he faces to his
left, and puts the ammunition into the muzzle, taking
care that the seam of the cartridge does not come
under tlie vent, and then steps back, commencing
with' bis left foot, -to his position outside the wheel, in
the same manner as No. 1 does.
At the command Ready, he breaks well oil' to his
right with his right foot, bending the right knee and
straightening the left leg; the body erect on the
haunches, and fixes his eyes on the muzzle.
The piece having been fired, No. 2 rises on his left
leg, remains facing the piece until he hears the com-
mand Load, or observes the flash of the gun, then
steps in, and performs bis duty as before. At the
command Cease firing, he then takes his position
outside the wheel, and faces to the front.
Duties of No. 3.
Nd. 3 stands in line with the knob of the cascabel,
covering No. 1, the priming-wire in his right hand,
thumb through the ring, the tlmmbstall on the left
thumb, the tube-pouch fastened to the waist. Fig. 4.
At the command Load, he stei)s to his left, Avipes
the vent-field with the thumbstall, w^hich he then
holds pressed upon the vent, keeping hie elbow raised;
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 27
liis lingers on tlio left .side of the piece, so as to allow
the gunner to point over his thumb; the right hand
on the tube-poucJi. Figure 5.
When the piece is sponged and the charge inserted
by No. 2, he jumps to tlie end of the trail handspike,
and, seizing it with both hands, prepares to move it
to tlie right or left on a signal from the gunner, who
taps the right of the trail for a movement to the left,
and the left of trail for a movement to the right. As
soon as the piece is pointed, the gunner raises both
hands as a signal to No. 3, who then resumes the posi-
tion To your post.
At the command Eeady, he steps to the piece,
pricks the cartridge, taking care not to move the
charge, and covers the vent with his left hand as soon
as the tube is inserted. At the command Fire, he
steps to his right, clear of the wheel, and at the flash
of the gun, or at the command Load, serves vent as
before.
No. ;] should be careful to keep the vent closed from
the time the sponge enters the muzzle until the charge
is inserted by No. 2.
Duties or No. 4.
The post of No. -1 is on a line with the knob of the
cascabel, and covering No. 2.
At the command Loai^, No. 4 inserts the lanyard
into the ring of a primer, and stands in his position.
At the command Heady, he stops in with his right
foot, drops the tube in the vent, takes the lanyard in
his right hand, moves to the rear so far as to keep the
lanyard slack, but capable of being stretched, without
altering his position, which should bo clear of tho
wheel, left foot broken to the left and rear. Fig. 18.
At the comiiiRnd FjjiE; as soon us Ko. ?> i;-^ clcai' of
ihc wheel Ko. 4 pulls the hinyjird b.v*i«kly aiid fivnily,
j)assing the hand, back up, in a downward direction
to the rear, so as to keep the lanyard hook fV(.)iii fiyinf^-
back in the direction of the face. Should Ihc tube
fail to explode the charge, the gunner immediately
commands, Boiit* advance, the primer has failed. Upon
which Iso. 2 steps inside the wheel, close to tlie axle-
tree, receives from No. o over the wheel a priming-
wire, and from No. 4 a prepared primer; pricks,
primes, and resumes his post. At the command
Cease riiiiNG, No. 4 secures his lanyard.
No. 3, as well as No. 4, should be equipped with a
tube-pouch, furnished with friction -primers and lan-
yards. In the absence of No. 4, immediately alter
pricking the cartridge, he prepares and inserts a tube,
steps to his post, faces the vent, breaks to his rear
with the left foot, and, at the command Fire, dis-
ciiarges the piece. Ko then resumes his post, and
tends the vent as before.
Duties of No. 5.
«
The position of No. 5 is five yards clear of, "and cov-
ering the left wheel.
At the command Load, No. 5 runs to the ammuni-
tion chest, receives from No.^7 or No. G a single round,
the shot in the right hand, the cartridge in his left;
takes it to the piece and delivers it to No. 2 (figure
19), returns immediately for another round, and then
halts at his post until the piece is fired. In firing
shells or spherical case, he exhibits the fuse to the
gunner before delivering the charge to No. 2.
SCHOOL OF Tii-R riECF;. 29
DUTIKS OF No. G.
No. G 18 ^iatioiuxl in tlic ivtir of tlio limber chest,
and issues tlie aiiiiniiiiition. [fe ih pvovldod with ii
fuse i;'oiio-e, aiul proj)ai*e.s tlie shell and spherical case
sliot accoi'dino- to the dlst.'inee or time ordered, before
deliv^M-iiiL;; it to No. o.
Duties of No. T.
The .station of No. 7 is in rear of and near the left
limber wheel. It is his duty to assist No. G in prep-
aration of ammunition, and serviiio- of it to No. f).
In raj)id tiring, with round shot and canister, Nos. 5
and 7 maj' alternate in delivering the charges to No.
2. cspeciallj^ when ammunition is issued direct from
the caisson.
When the ammunition pouches arc used they arc
worn by Nos. 5 and 7, hung from the left shoulder to
the right side; the j-ound is placed in the pouch b^^
No. G or No. 1, so that the cartridge will be to the
front. When it is brought \i\) No. 5 holds open the
pouch, and No. 2 takes out the round with both hands.
At the command Cease firing, No. 5 carries the round
back to No. G.
No. G will be careful not to raise the lid unneccssa-
I'ily. It should be kept closed when possible. In
tiring shells and spherical case, ho prepares each fuse
as dii'eeted, assisted wdien necessaiy by No. 7, Ho
gives No. 5 the time or distance of the fuse Avith each
round issued, who reports to the gunner before deliv-
ering it to No. 2. At the command Ceask firing, ho
carefull}'- replaces the amnmnition in the chest and
secures the lid.
30 SCHOOL OF TUT. PIECF.
To Cut the Fuse.
Place the projectile between the knees, fuse upper-
most, and sujiport it with the left hand. Holding tlie
fuse gouge in the right hand, place the left corner of
its edge close to and on the right of the graduated
mark indicating the time desired, and cut away grad-
ually until the composition is exposed for a length
about equal to the widtli of the gouge. (Ji'oat care
must be taken not to expose the coni])osition to the
left of the proper graduation mark, and to this end
particularly avoid cominencing to cut. too close to the
desired mark; for after the composition is once ex-
posed it is ver}' easy to pare away to the left., if tiie
time has not been accurately cut. AVlien time per-
mits, it is well to expose the coni])08ition fully, either
by cutting the opening larger toward the rigid or (with
shells only) by cutting another opening to the right
of the first. It is in all cases bettei' to enlarge the
first opening, and always by extending it toward the
right.
Care must be taken not to cut the fiise more ra})idly
than the demand for shells and shrapnel shot requires.
Moving the Piece by Hand. Piece Unlimuered.
To the front. The instructor commands :
1. By hand to the front. 2. March, vl. HAi/r.
At the first command the gunner seizes the end of
the handspike, and Nos. 1, 2, 8, and 4 the spokes of
the wheels; No. 1 with his left hand, Nos. 2, o, and 4
with both hands; No. 1 holds the sponge with his
right hand, the stall" resting on his right shoulder, the
head down. Figure 20. At the second connnand they
move the piece foi'wai'd_, tlio gunner i-aising (he tri^il
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 81
until tlie cotnniand Halt is given; when all resume
their posts.
By H.vnd TO THE Rear.
To the rear. The insLriietor commands:
1. Ihi hand to the rear. 2. March. 3. Halt.
At the first command the gunner, facing to the rear,
seizes the handspike with his right hand; Nos. 1, 2,
3, and 4 seize the wlieels as before, except that No. 1,
holding the sponge in the left hand, uses his right at
tlie wheel. At the r-ommand March, they move the
piece to llic rear, the gunner raising the trail, until
the commaiul Malt is given, when all i-esume their
posts.
OiiAXGiNG Posts.
In order to insti'uct the men in all the duties at the
piece, the instructor causes them to change posts.
For this purpose he commands:
1. Change posts. 2. March.
^At the command Change posts, the men on the right
of the piece face to the rear; those who have ecpiip-
ments la^^ them down, No. 1 resting the sponge head
on the nave of the wheel. At the command March,
each man takes the place and equipments of the man
in his front.
No. 1 takes the place of No. 3.
No. 3 ^' ^' ^<^- ^•
No. 8 " " N^- ^'
No. 0 '^ " N^- 7.
No. 7 '• '' No. 5.
No 0 '' " -^o. 4.
No. ! '• *' N«^- -•
No.
No. 1.
32 SCHOOL OF THE PIECE.
The gunner changes with one of the nninbers by
special direction of the instructor. A sufficient num-
ber of the moat intelligent cannoneers must be kept
instructed to serve as gunners.
The gunner, who is responsible for the equipments,
either distributes tliem from the limber-chest, or they
may be hung on the neck of the cascabel, and distrib-
uted by liim to the proper numbers at the con:»mand
Take equipments from the instructor, lie receives
them again at tlie command IIeplaci-: equipmknts,
makiag such disposition of then-j as may be directed.
Limbering.
To the front: The instructor commands :
Limber to the eront.
*
At this command No. 1 steps up between the muzzle
and the wheel, by the oblique step indicated for load-
ing, turns the staff, seizing it with the l<eft hand, at
the same time shiftino- his riu'ht, the back of the rio-ht
up, that of the left down, and passes the sponge on its
liook, rammer head to the rear, to No. 3, who receives
the head, secures it against the stop, and keys it up.
The piece is then brought about I)y the cannoneers,
and the limber, inclining to the right, passes to its
place in front of it, being drawn, when it is not
horsed, by Nos. G and 7, who take hold at the end of
the pole for the i)urpose.
To bring the piece about, the gunner and No. 5 pass
to the right of the handspike, and, facing towai'd the
left, seize it, the gunner near the q\\l\, and No. 5
near the middle, and on his right, raise the trail and
carry it round to the left; Nos. 1 and 2 bear down
SCHOOL OF TTTK PTECr. 33
upon the muzzle, and Nos. o and 4, each using bolli
Ijands, bi'ing the wheels rou-nd,No. o tui*ning tlie right
wlicel to tlie rear, and No. 4 tlio ]vi\ wlteol to the
fVojit. When tl)e ])ie('e is hroiight ahoiil the- trail is
h)\vei'ed; Nos. :> and 4 stv^p williin thr w heels, to avoid
the liinhei-; .Xos. 1 and -5 remain at the muzzle, and
the irnnner and No. 5 step between Nos. )> and 4 and
the trail, the gunner lirst taking out the handspik'e,
and passing it to No. 4, by whom it is put up.
As soon as tlie limber is in IVonl of the ])iece tlie
gunner commands: Halt; TjImukii up; upon whieh
the limber halts, the gunner and No. o raise the ti-ail
by means of the handles, and, [insisted by Nos. 8 and
4 at tlie wheels, and Nos. 1 and 2 at the head of the
carriage, run the piece forward, and ])lace the lunette
upon the pinile; the gunner then puts in the key, and
all take their posts; when necessary, Nos. G and 7
assist at the trail in bringing the ])iece about, and in
limbering up.
To the right (or Icff). The instructor commands:
Limber to the right (or left).
The trail is turned to the right (or left), and the
piece limbered up as before, the limber inclining to the
right (or left), and taking its ])lace by a right (or left)
wheel.
To the renr. The instructor comn\ands :•
Limber to the rear.
The liml)er inclines to the right, ami takes its place
by Avheeling about to the left, and the piece is then
limbered up as before.
34 school of the piece.
Posts of the Cannoneers. Piece Limbered.
NoH, 1 and 2 arc opposite the muzzle; Nos. 3 and 4
oppo.site tlic knob of the cascabel ; the gunner and
No. 5 opposite the rear, and Nos. 0 and 7 opposite
the front parts of the limber wheels; No. 8 is on the
left, and opposite the limber chest of the caisson. All
face to the front, and cover each other in lines one
yard from the wheels, the even numbers on the right,
the odd numbers on the lefc. The chief of the piece
is on the left, and, if not mounted, o])posite the end of
the pole; if mounted, he is near the leading driver,
aiul on his left.
To Form the Detachment.
To thrfront The instructor commands:
'Detachment — front.
The gunner commands : Cannoneers, for icnrd ^ March ;
the even numbers move directly to the front; the odd
numbers closing on them when clear of the piece.
The gunner files them to the left, and fronts the de-
tachment at the proper distance. No. 8 moves direct-
ly forward, and takes his place in the detachment.
To the rear. The instructor commands :
Detachment — rear.
The gunner commands: Cannoneers, rear face —
March. At the command March, the odd numbers
move directly to the rear, the even numbers closing
on them, and the detachment is filed to the left, halted
at a proper distance by the gunner, and faced to tlio
front; No. 8 taking his proper place in the detach-
ment.
SCHOOL OF TirE PIECE 35
In forming detacliments in line, i\\oy arc alwa3'a,
after lialting, dressed to Uie right by the gunner.
Posts or the 1)etacii:\ients at tiikir Pieces.
In front. The detachment is in line facing to the
front, two yards from the end of tlie pole or the load
horses.
Jn rear. The centre of the detachment is tico yards
behind the muzzle, and facing to it.
On the rujht or left. The detachment is in line opj)0-
sile the limber axle-tree, and three yards from it. In
all it faces to the front.
C'riANOE OF Posts of IJktaciiments yVT tiikir Pieces.
From front to rear. The detachments being in line,
in front of their pieces, to post them in rear, the in-
structor commands :
Detachments — hear.
The gunner commands: Cannoneers, rear face —
March. At the command March, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4
oblique sufficiently to the left, and Nos. 5, 6, 7, and 8
to the right, move along the sides of their piece,
reunite as soon as they have passed it, and are Inilted
at the proper distance, faced to the front, and aligned
to the right bj'' the gunner.
From rear to front. The instructor commands :
Detachments — front.
The gunner repeats the command, and adds —
March. At this command the cannoneers oblique:
Nos. 1, 2, i), aiul 4 to the right; I^os. 5, 6, 7, and 8 to
the left; jjaSvS their piece, reunite in front, and are
hailed 'A\)(\ alignc'l to the right by the gunner.
"^'^0 SCFTOOL OF TTTF. PIECE.
From rear to right (or /(-//) The iiisti-actor coin-
m nil (.Is :
Detach MKXT8 — iironT (oi' left).
^ho gunner coininauds rUjht (or A//) ohlique, March,
Mud afterward FoinvARr), and Halt, in time to brinic
the detachment to its ]iost on the right or loft. lie
then aligns it to the I'ight.
To Post the Cannoneers at the Pieces LTMr>ERED.
The detachment being formed in line in front or
rear, on the right or left, the instructor commands:
Cannoneers, to your posts.
From the front. The gunner fixces the detachhiGnt
to the right, and commands: To your posts, March.
At this command the cannoneers Nos. 1 and 2, turn-
ing to the right, and opening out, file to their posts;
lialt at their proper places, and face to the front.
From the rear, right, or left. At the command Can-
noneers, TO YOUR posts, the gunner, in each case,
faces the detachment to the left, and marches the
cannoneers by that fiank to their posts.
Posts of the Cannoneers on the Chests.
Dui'ing the man(euvres the cannoneers arc cither
at their posts or they are seated on the ammunition
chests as follows: the gunner and ]\''os. 5 and 6 on
the limber chest of the piece, the gunner on the right
and No. 5 on the left; Nos. 1, 2, and 7 on the limber
chest of the caisson, No. 2 on the right and No. 1 on
the left; Nos. 3, 4, and 8 on the middle chest of the
caisson. No. 4 on the right, and No. 3 on the left.
When circumstances require it, Nos. G and 7 may
sriiooL OF Till"; riEr'E. S;7
bo dii'cctcd io mount Iho rear clicst of* tlic caisson.
They sit Avith their backs to tbc IVont, No. 6 on tbc
riii-bt.
To Mount and DrsMouxT -niv. Cannonekhs.
7a mount. The instructor halls the carriages^ \i' not
ahead}' at a hall, ;ind coniiuands :
1, Cannoneers^ prepeire lo nioimf. 2. MoUiNT.
At tlie first coniinand the cannoneers run to (.heir
respective pbices, and stand facing the clicsts which
they are to nionnt, tiie gunner and No. 5 in rear
ot* the gun liniber, No. (3 on the right of the gunner,
Nos. 1 and 2 in rear of tlie caisson limber, No. 7 on
the left of No. }, NoH. ') and I in front of the middle
cheat of the caisson, No .S on tlu^ right of No. o. The
gunner and Nos. 'I and o seize the handles with the
right liand, and step upon tlie stocks with the left
foot, and Nos. 5, 1, and 4 seize the handles with the
left hand, and stej) upon the stocks with the right
foot.
At the command Mount, the gunner, and Nos. 1,
2, o, 4, and 5 spring into their seats. The gunner,
and Nos. 5, 1, and 2 seat themselves in their places,
with their backs to the front, and immediately face
jiboiit by throwing their legs outward over the han-
dles.
No. S then sin-ings itito his seat in the same manner
as No. fj; Nos. 6 and 7 step in rear of thajr chests,
place their hands iipoji them, step upon the stocks
with their nearest feet, spring up, stc]) over the boxes,
and take their seats, placing their hands on the shoul-
ders of the men already seated in order to steady
themselves.
38 SCHOOL OF the piece.
AYhen the command Cannoneers, Mount is given by
itself, the men run to their places and spring into their
seats at once, No. 8 talcing his seat before No. 3.
To dismount. The instructor halts the carriages as
before, and commands :
1. Cannoneers, "prepare to dismount. 2. Dismount.
At the iirst command the cannoneers stand up in
their places, except the gunner and No. 5, who face
about. At the second comniand the whole jnmp off
and run to their posts.
When the command Cannoneers, Dismount is o'ivcn
by itself, the men jump from their chests in the same
manner.
The cannoneers always dismount at the command
Action pront, right, or left. They also dismount
at the command In battery,- as soon as the carriage
on wliich they are mounted halts.
The object of mounting the cannoneers on the am-
munition chests is generally to enable the battery to
make quick movements. Care should be taken when
the ground is unfavorable, or the movements aro
likely to be prolonged, not to mount them so often as
to be injurious to the horses. After they are "well in-
structed in mounting and dismounting at a halt, the
cannoneers may be ordered to mount and dismount
while the carriages are in march at a walk.
When a caisson is absent, or temporarily disabled,
and a quick movement is necessary, Nos. 1, 2, and
3 will mount the off-horses of the piece. No. 2 the
lead, No. 1 the middle, and No. 3 the wheel-horse,
Nos. 1 and 3 passing by the rear of the gun. This
arrangement may also be resorted to in case of a sud-
den alarm, the drivers of the caissons assisting the
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 39
drivers of the pieces by harnessing- tlieir off-liorscs and
hitching them in. The cannoneers then mount as
directed, and the pieces move off. The remaining
cannoneers assist the drivers of the caissons to liar-
ncss and hitch in their horses, and then mount the
chests of tlic caissons, which proceed at once to join
their pieces.
MoviNt; TiiK Piece ry Kanm). Pjece Limbered.
To the front. The instructor commands :
1. Forward. 2. March, o. Halt.
^\t the lirst command Nos. 0 and 7 seize the end of
the pole with both hands, the gunner and No. 5 facing
toward the pole, seize the splinter bar with one hand
and the pole with the other; Nos. 8 and 4 seize the
spokes of the hind wheels with both hands, and Nos.
1 and 2 apply both hands at the head of the carriage.
At the second command all, acting together, ui'ge the
piece forward until the command Halt is given, when
all resume their posts. Figure 21.
Moving the Piece by Ilcind.
To the rear. The instructor commands:
1. Backward. 2. March. ;J. Halt.
At the first command all face to the rear; Nos. G
and 7 seize the end of the pole with both hands; No.
5 and the gunner seize the spokes of the limber, and
Nos. 1, 2, 8, and 4 those of the. hind wheels. At the
command March, all, moving together, move the piece
to the rear, Nos. (3 and 7 keeping it straight by the
use of the pole. At the command Halt, all resumu
their posts.
40 school of the piece.
Unlimbering and Coming into Action.
To the front. The instructor commands :
Action tront.
At this command the gunner takes out the key,
and, assisted by No. 5, raises the trail from the pintle,
and then commands Drive on, upon which Nos. G and
7 reverse the limber to the left, and proceed with it to
the rear; again reverse to the left, and halt so that
the limber shall cover the piece, with the end of the
pole 6'iif yards from the end of the trail handspike.
At the same time that the limber moves oft' the piece
is brought about in all respects as in limbering to the
front, except that the gunner and No. 5, without low-
ering the trail, carry it about, each by means of the
handle on his own side. Nos. 6 and 7, when neces-
sarj', assist at the trail, after placing the limber in
position.
As soon as the piece is brought about, and the trail
lowered, No. 4 takes out the handspike and passes it
to the gunner, who fixes it in the trail. No. 1 takes
out the sponge, No. 3 unkeying it, and No. 4 prepares
his lanyard. All then resume their posts.
To the right (or left). The instructor commands:
Action right (or left).
The piece is unlimbered and placed in the required
direction, and the limber wheels to the left (or right),
and takes its place in rear, by reversing to the left
(or right).
To the rear. The instructor commands :
1. Fire to the rear. 2. In battery.
At the command In battery, the piece is unlim-
bered as before, the trail immediately lowered, and
SCHOOL OF THE PIECK. -11
tlie gun prepared for action. The limber moves di-
rectly forward at the command Drive on from tlie
gunner, and takes its place by coming to the left
about.
Service of the (thn with Diminisiik]) Nlijmbers.
The men should be frequently exercised in serving
pieces with diminished numbers, that each may know
the duties he has to perform in such cases.
Disabled men are replaced as soon as j^ossible by
the highest numbers, or, if men are selected to replace
them, the highest numbers will be reduced to fill the
vacancies thus created. During action, Nos. 1 and 2
may occasionalh' change places and n\nnbers, as the
duties of No. 1 are very severe.
iService of the. ijun bij two men. Tin? gunner com-
mands, points, serves tlie vent, and fires; No^ 1
sponges, loads, and serves ammunition.
Three men. IMie gunner commands, points, serves
the vent, and fii'es; No. 1 sponges; No. 2 loads,' and
serves ammunition.
Fou?' ')nen. The gunner commands and points; No.
1 sponges; No. 2 loads, and serves ammunition ; No.
3 serves the vent, and fires.
Five men. The gunner commands and points; No.
1 sponges; No. 2 loads; No. 8 serves the vent, :ind
tires; No. 4 serves ammunition.
Six men. The gunner commands and points; No.
1 sponges; No. 2 loads; No. 3 serves the vent, and
lires; Nos. 4 and 5 serve ammunition.
Seven men. The gunner commands and points ; No.
1 s])onges; No. 2 loads; No. 3 serves the vent, and
altencfa to the trail; No. 4 tires; No. 6 is at the lim-
4
42
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE.
ber, serves ammunition to No. 5, and occasionally
chano'cs witli him.
Eight men. No. 7 assists No. 6; the other numbers
as before.
Table for the Exercise with Diminished Numbers.
Nos. Retain lii).
DlSTlUBUTlON OF DuTIKS.
Gtinner.
G. 3, 4
G. 3, 4
G.
G.
G.
G.
G.
I
1,2,5
2
3
4
5
6
7
G J
Or \ 2
2,5
2,5
2
2
2
2
G. 1, 2, 3
a 1. 2 3 4
3,4
.3,4
3,4
3
3
5
6
4
4
G. 1. 2 3 4. 5
5
5
5
G. 1. 2, 3, 4, 5. fi
G. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, C, 7
6
6
'V
Supply of Ammunition in Action.
When it is likely that movements must take place
on the field, or the firing is slow, and it can be done
without inconvenience, ammunition will be served
direct from the rear chest of the caisson, No. 8 per-
forming the duties prescribed for No. 6 at the limber
chest. At convenient moments the ammunition
served out b}' No. () will be i-eplaced from the rear
caisson chest.
A RTF OLE IV.
MECHANICAL MANGilUVRES.
Changing Wheels.
Napoleon, Q- pounder gnn, and VI -pounder hoivitzer.
The piece being unlimbered, to change the right
wheel, the instructor commands:
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 43
1. Prepare to change the right loheel. 2. Change the
WHEEL.
At tlic first command jSTos. 5, 6, and 7 dismount the
Hparc wheel ; No. 5 brings it near, and parallel to the
disabled one, leaving room for the latter to be taken
off. The gunner 2)asses one end of his handspike to
No. 1, placing it under the axle-tree close to the
shoulder. The gunner and No. 1, placing themselves
between 'the handspike and piece, and facing the
wheel, take hold of the handspike near the axle; Nos.
4 and 6 take hold of the ends of the handspike, No. 6
assisting the gunner.
At the command Change the wheel, the carriage
is raised; Nop. 2 and 3 take off the disabled wheel;
No. 2 runs it to tlic rear, and Nos. 3 and 5 put on the
spare wheel, No. 3 taking hold of it in the rear. Nos.
3 and 4 attend to the linchpins and washers on their
respective sides.
To change the left wheel, the gunner and _No. 2,
assisted by Nos. G and No. 3 respectively, man the
handspike; Nos. 1 and 4 take off the wheel; Nos 5,
6, and 7 dismount the spare wheel ; No. 5 brings it up,
and Nos. 4 and 5 put it on ; No. 1 runs the disabled
wheel to the rear.
The men at the handspike must raise the end of the
axle-tree sufficiently high to throw the weight on the
other wheel, and those who take off the wheel must
also lift it, and not increase the weight by allowing
it to slide along the axle-tree.
VZ-pdr. gun and 24:-pdr. howitzer. One end of a pro-
lono'C is fastened to the axle-tree near the disabled
wheel, the other end being passed over the opposite
wheel, and manned by four men from another piece.
A spare polo, manned by Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5^ and 6, must
44 SCHOOL OF THE PIECE.
be substituted for. the handspike under the nxle-tree.
The gunner and No. 7 take off and put on the wheels.
When a spare pole can not be obtained, the carriage
may be raised by means of the handspikes j No. 2
places one in the muzzle, and No. 1 crosses the other
under it; No. 3 assists at the handspike in the muzzle,
and JS^os. 4, 5, and 6 at the other, No. 4 on the out-
side. The four men from the other piece take hold of
the cheeks on the side to be raised. All, acting to-
gether, raise the carriage at the command Change
THE WHEEL. The prolougc is not required. The ma-
noeuvre would be made easier by digging a trench five
or six inches deep for the other wheel.
When a wheel at the piece is disabled in action, it
may be replaced by one from its limber. The disabled
wheel, if not quite unserviceable, may be used at the
limber until it can be convenient^ changed; but, if
entirely unserviceable, one must be obtained from the
caisson as soon as it is possible to bring it up.
In taking off a limber wheel the horses are taken
out; No. 6 removes the linchpin and washer; Nos. 3
and 4, assisted by Nos. 7 and 8, raise the limber, No. 3
in front and No. 4 in rear of the axle-tree; Nos. 5 and
6 take off the w4ieel, and No. 5 runs it forward. The
axle-tree is lowered gently to the ground.
The wheel of the limber is replaced by Nos. 1, '2, 5,
and 6 after the wiieel of the piece is on, Nos. 1 and 2
raising the limber, assisted by Nos. 7 and 8.
When a Avheel has been disabled in the carriaire of
either piece or caisson, and can not be replaced by an-
other, a spar ten or twelve feet long may be placed
under the axle-tree, with one end resting on the ground
and the other secured to the carriage b}^ lashing, so
ihtxi the jvxle-trcc may be supported in its ];)roper po-
SOHOOJ. OF THE PIECE. 45
sition without the wheel. Tlie part of the carriage
thus supported sliould be relieved of as much weight
as possible.
When a wheel has been so disabled that it can not
turn, a slioe of wood may be made and placed under
it. A piece of spar about three feet long and nine
inches in diameter, with a groove in one side to re-
ceive the felloe, will answer for this purpose. The
end in front is given the proper form, and the lock
chain fastened to it. In this case, also, the carriage
should be relieved from as much weight as possible.
i^isMOUNTiNG Pieces.
Napoleon, 6-pdr. gun and V2-pdr. howitzer. Thepie<ic
being unlimbered, the instructor commands:
1. Prepare to dismount the piece. 2. Dismount the pi ece.
At the first command Nos. 1, 2, o, and 4 remove
the implements and place them on the ground, out-
side of their respective wheels, the bucket with a
sponge and handspike on the right, and the worm
with a sponge and handspike on the left. N^os. 1 and
2 then press upon the muzzle, and Nos. »> and 4, after
removing the cap squares, station themselves at the
end of the cheeks, and, with one hand on the wheel
and the other on the knol.) of the cascuibel, prepare
to raise the breech. The gunner, first taking out the
liandspike, if in the trail, and passing it to No. 4,
raises the elevating-screw to its greatest height, and
then seizes the left trail handle; No. 5 seizes the
right, and Nos. G and 7, after scotching the wheels,
go to the trail to assist in raising it.
7\t the second command Nos. 1 and 2 l)ear down
upnii the muzzle, the gunner and Nos. o, <>, and 7 raisv
4Q SCHOOL OF THE riECE.
the trail until the muzzle rests upon the ground, No. 5,
with the howitzer, holding the lock chain to prevent
the chjxin from foiling over to the front. Nos. 3 and
4 push against the cascabel to raise the breech, and,
when the piece is vertical, run -around to assist Nos.
1 and 2 to keep it in that position. The trail is then
lowered, the carriage run back, and the piece placed,
on the ground, vent upward. The cannoneers then
replace the implements, Nos. 8 and 4 securing the cap
sipiares.
12 -jjdr. (jun and 2.A'pdr. howitzer. These are dis-
mounted in the same manner, except that Nos. 1 and
2 make a hole in the ground under the head of the
carriage, one foot deep for the 12-pdr., and eight inches
for the howitzer, to receive the muzzle, and they are
assisted by two additional men in pressing upon the
muzzle and in steadying the piece.
By attaching the middle of a rope with an artificer's
knot to the knob of the cascabel, and hauling upon
the ends of it, the piece may be more securely steadied.
Nos. 3 and 4 attach the rope, pass the ends over to
Nos. 1 and 2, and then go around to assist them in
hauling. Four additional men from another piece also
assist. When the trail is raised so as to lot the muz-
zle touch the bottom of the hole, the men haul upon
the rope and disengage the gun, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4
coming up hand over hand to steady it.
A rope may also be used in dismounting the 6-pdr.
gun and 12-pdr. howitzer. Nos. 1 and 2 man the rope,
and Nos. 3 and 4 steady the wheels. No additional
men are required,
MoiiNTfNa Pieces.
Xi-pdr. gun and 12-pdr. hon-ltzer. The piece being on
the gronnd, vent upward. t!io instruolor oommands:
i
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 47
1. Prepare to mount the piece. 2. MoUxNT the tiece.
At the first command the in\plcmcnts are removed
an in dismounting, except that tlic handspikes, instead
of being placed on tlie ground, arc ]->;issed' by Nos. 8
and 4 resjiectively to the gunner and No. 2; Noa. o
and 4 take oif the cap squares; No. 2 inserts his liand-
spike in the bore, and, assisted by No. 1, raises the
chase, so that the gunner may put his handspiicc
under the piece a little in rear of the trunnions.
This being done, No. 2 withdraws his iiandspike
from the bore, and places it under the knob of tho
cascabel. Nos. 1, 3, and 4 assist at the handspike of
No. 2, and Nos. 5, 0, and 7 at that of the gunner;
Nos. 1, 2, 5, and the gunner being at the ends. The
gunner then commands Heave, upon which the men,
acting together, raise the piece upright, and Nos. 1,
2, 3, and 4 stead}^ it in that positi.on. The gunner
and No. 5 go to the trail, and, assisted by 6 and 7
at the wheels, run the carriage forward, within a foot
of the piece. Nos. 6 and 7 scotch the wheels, if nec-
essary, and then go to the trail to assist the gunner
and No. 5 in raising it.
At the second command the trail is raised. No. 5,
with the howitzer, holding the lock chain to prevent
the trail from falling over to the front; Nos. 1 and 2
push gently against the piece, and place the trunn-
ions in their plates. The trail is then lowered care-
fuU}' to the ground, the wheels unscotched, and the
implements replaced, Nos. 3 and 4 securing the cap
squares. When necessary, the duties of Nos. 0 and 7
can bo performed by Nos. 3 and 4.
The piece may be also easily raised by means of a
rope, without the use of handspikes. The gunner
iixes the middle of the rope to the knob of the cas-
/
48 SCHOOL OF TIIK I'lECE.
cabel by an artificer's knot, and Nos. 1, 2,^3, 4,- 5, and
6 man the ends, Nos. 1 and 2 being nearest the eas-
cabel. By hauling upon the rope tlie piece is raised.
It is then mounted as before.
l'2-pdr. gun and 2A-pdr. howitzer. These ar^ mount-
ed by means of handspikes in the same manner as the
6-pdr. gun and 12-pdr. howitzer, except that Nos. 1
and 2 make a hole in the ground, one foot deej) for the
12-pdr., and eight inclies for the howitzer, to receive
tl)e muzzle, and two additional men act at the han-
dles.
it will facilitate the raising of the piece, and give
greater securitj'^, to fasten the handspike to the casca-
bel by means of a rope, and also to fasten, by an arti-
ficer's knot, the middle of a proh^nge or picket rope
to the cascabel, and man the ends of it by men from
another piece. In tliis case, when the piece is raised
as high as the man's hips, the gunner and Nos. 5, 6,
and 7 quit the handspike, two at a time, and assist at
the prolongc. Jn placing the ])iece on the carriage,
Nos. 3 and 4 carry the prolonge to the rear, and assist
by hauling upon it. When the piece does not fall ex-
actly into the trunnion plates, the prolonge is passed
round under tlic cheeks to secure the breech to the
caiU'iage; the tail being then lowered, the trunnions
slide into their beds.
(Jaiirvin({ i^ir,(;Ks.
The j)iece being on the ground, vent upward, the
instructor commands :
1. Prepare to carry the piece. 2. Forward. 3. Matiimi.
At the first command Nos. 0 and 7 back the lim-
ber over the breeeli until tiic }»intle-hook is just above
-Mk,
SCHOOL OP THE PIECE. 49
the trunnions; No. 2 inserts a handspike in tlie boro
to raise the piece, and Nos. 1, 8, and 4 stand near to
assist him; the gunner, assisted by No. 5, passes the
ring of the prolonge through the handles, and, after
making a turn with the prolonge round the pintle-
Jiook, passes the ring through the handles again and
puts it on the pintle. If there are no handles, the
prolonge should be passed round the piece, in front
and rear of the trunnions, the piece being raised for
that purpose. Nos. 6 and 7 then raise the pole, and
Nos. 1, 2, 8, and 4 the piece, if not already raised; the
gunner tightens the prolonge, pulling on the free end,
which he passes over the pintle-hook and under the
limber to No. 5, who receives it at the splinter bar,
and makes a turn with it round the fork. The pole
is then lowered, and Nos. 1 and 2 press upon the
muzzle and raise the breech. The gunner, assisted
by No. 5, lashes the knob of the cascabel to the splin-
ter bar, fastening the end of the prolonge by half-
hitches. The piece when slung should be horizontal.
At the second command the cannoneers prepare to
move the limber forward.
At the command March, they move the limber to
the. front.
When the horses are hitched in', they should be
taken out to enable the men to sling the piece.
A limber, in addition to carrying the jDiece, may
also carry a disabled carriage when it is taken apart
and lashed upon it; but, as the weight when so dis-
tributed is too great to be carried far, the carriage
Should be placed upon the caisson as soon as it can
be ^one.
When a limber is disabled, the trail of the carriage
or caisson is attached to the rear of another carriage.
5
/
50 SCHOOL OF THE riKOE
Dismounting Carriages.
Carriages of the 6-pdr. gun and 12-pdr. howitzer. The
piece being dismounted and implements taken off, as
already described, the instructor commands:
1. Prepare to dismount the carriage. 2. Dismount the
CARRIAGE.
At the first command Nos. 3 and 4 remove the
linchx:)ins and washers, and Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 step
inside of the wheels and take hold of the carriage.
At the second command Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 lift the
carriage, Nos. 5 and 7 take off the right wheel, and
IS^'os. 6 and 8 the left; Nos. 5 and 6 taking hold in
front, and Nos. 7 and 8 in rear.
If necessary, each wheel may be taken off by one
man.
The carriages of the 12-pdr. gun and 24-pdr. howit-
zer are dismounted in the same manner, with the
addition of two or four men to assist in lifting the
carriages.
Limbers. The limbers are dismounted in the same
manner as the carriages; the different numbers taking
hold in the same relative positions, and performing
the same duties.
Mounting Carriages.
The method of mounting carriages and limbers cor-
responds to that of dismounting them.
Changing Ammunition Chests. ^^
In service, when the limber -chest of the piece is
emptied, the piece and caisson exchange linibers; No.
.8, assisted by No. 7, unlimbers and limbers up the cais-
. SCliOOL OF THE PIECE. 51
son, and the middle eheet is exchanged with tlie empty
onex)n the limber aa soon as practicable.
To change the ammunition chests, the inytructor
commandy:
1. Prepare to change the ammunition chest. 2. Change
THE CHEST.
At the first cominand Nos. 5 and 0 iiidvcy the empty
chest, each on his own side, and, taking hold of tlie
Jiandles, place it u])on the ground, on the left of the
caisson. Nos. 7 and 8 unkey the middle chest at tiic
same time.
At the command Change the chest, Nos. 5, 6, 7,
iind 8, seizing the middle chest by the handles, lift it
on the foot-board, and, turning it end for end there,
shift the chest along the stock to the limber, taking-
great care not to cut the bottom on the nuts, and pu't
it in place; Nos. 5 and 6 resume their posts immedi-
ately; Nos. 7 and 8 key the chest, replace the empty
chest, ke}' it, and resume their posts.
Efghting Carriages that have been Overturn ed.
When a carriage has been overturned, it is better,
if time permits, to disengage the piece, right the car-
riage, and then mount the piece again in the manner
already described. The piece may be easily disen-
gaged by allowing the breech to rest upon tlie ground,
oi- a block of wood, raising the muzzle by means of a
handspike, while the cap squares are taken off.
The carriage may be righted, however, without dis-
engaging the piece, by the following modes:
Tst. Detach the limber, secure the cap squares, and
lash the knob of the cascabel to the stock. Place the
middle of a rope over the nave of one wheel, pass the
52 SdllOuL OF THE IMECEV .
■at iijift,. fill titiTitt, 1 rt
ends of it downward between the lower spokes of
that wheel, then under the carriage, through the.cor-
resjDonding spokes of the other wheel, and then up-
ward over the wdiecl, and across the top of the car-
iMao-e, to the side where it was first attached. The
ends of the rojie and the wheel to be raised are then
manned, and the carriage drawn over to its upright
position. During this operation two men are required
to steady the trail.
If necessary, the ends of tlie rope nia}^ be fastened
to the limber, and horses used to assist in righting
the carriage. Great care must be taken to stop the
horses in time, and to prevent them from making any
more effort than is absolutely necessary. If the Avheel-
horses are sufficient the leaders may be unhitched.
2d. Detach the limber, attach two prolonges, or the
middle of a picket rope, to the trail, chock the wheels,
and dig an oblong hole under the muzzle, about two
and a half feet deep. Then pass one of the prolonges,
or one end of the picket rope, over the carriage to the
front, and, manning both, raise the trail, and pass it
over the axle-tree to the ground on the opposite side.
Light carriages may be righted by hand without
attaching a rope.
Spiking and Unspiking Cannon, and Rendering
THEM Unserviceable.
To spike a jnece, or to render it unserviceable. Drive
into the vent a jagged and hardened steel spike with a
soft point, or a nail without a head; break it off flusli
with the outer surface, and clinch the point inside by
means of the rammer. Wedge a shot in the bottom
of the bore by wrapping it with felt, or by means of
iron wedges, using the rammer or a bar of iron to
SCHOOL op tttE mece. ,^.9
drive thcni in ; a wooden Avcdge would be easily bm-nt
by means of a charcoal fire lighted with the aid of a
bellows. Cause shells to burst in the bore of bras«
guns, or fire broken shot from them Avith high charges,
i^'ill a piece with sand over the charge to burst it.
Fire a piece against anotlier, muzzle to muzzle, or the
muzzle of one to the chase of the other. Light a
fire under the chase of a brass gun, and strike on it
with a sledge to bend it. Break off the trunnions of
iron guns; or burst them by firing them with heavy
charges and full of shot at a high elevation.
When guns are to be spiked temporarily, and are
likely to be j-etaken, a spring spike is used, having a
shoulder to prevent its being too easily extracted.
To unspike a piece. If the spike is not screwed in
or clinched, and the bore is not impeded, put in a
charge of powder of one-third of the weight of the
shot, and ram junk wads over it with a handspike,
laying on the bottom of the bore a strip of wood with
a groove on the under side, containing a strand of
quick match, by which fire is communicated to the
charge. In a brass gun, take out some of the metal
at the upper orifice of the vent, and pour sulphuric
acid into the groove for some hours before firino-. If
this method, several times repeated, is not successful,
unscre.w the vent-piece, if it b(ia brass gun, and, if an
iron one, drill out the spike or drill a new vent.
. To drive out a shot wedged in the bore. Unscrew the
vent-piece, if there be one, and drive in wedges so as
to start the shot forward, then ram it back in order
to seize the wedge with a hook; or pour in powder
and fire it, after replacing the vent-piece. In the last
resort, bore a hole in the bottom of the breech, drive
out the shot, and stop the hole with a screw.
54 SCHOOL OF TEIE I'IKOE.
Article "V,
t»0INTINO AND RANGK.S.
To point a piece is to place it in such a position that
the shot may reach the object it is intended to strike.
To do this, the axis of the trunnions, being horizontal,
the line of metal, called also the natural line of sight,
must be so directed as to pass through the object, and
then the elevation given to the piece to throw the shot
the required distance. The direction is given from the
trail, and the elevation from the breech ; *he trail being
traversed by a handspike, and the breech raised or
dei)ressed by an elevating-screw.
The axis of the piece coincides with that of the cylin-
der of the bore.
The line of sight in pointing is the line of direction
from the eye to the object. It lies in a<vertical plane,
passing through, or parallel to, the axis of the piece.
The angle of sight is the angle wliich tlie line of sight
makes with the axis of the piece.
The natural line of sight is the straight line passing
through the highest points of the base ring and tlie
swell of the muzzle, muzzle sight, or muzzle band.
The natural angle of sight is the angle which the nat-
ural line of sight makes with the axis of the piece.
The dispart of a'piecc is half the difference between
the diameters of the base ring and swell of the muzzle,
or the muzzle band. It is therefore the tangent of
the natural angle of sight to a radius equal to the
distance from the highest point of the swell of the
muzzle or muzzle band to the plane passing through
the roar of the base rino-, i;^::;.:.
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 55
By range is commonly meant the distance between
the piece and the object -which the ball is intended to
strike; or the first graze of the ball upon the horizon-
tal plane on which the carriage stands. Point-blank
range is the distance between the piece and the point-
bhink. Extreme range is the distance between the
piece and the spot where the ball finally rests.
Theorif of pointing. The point-blank is the second
point of intersection of the trajectory or curve de-
scribed b}^ the projectile in its flight with the line of
sight. As the angle of sight is increased the projec-
tile is thrown farther above the line of sii^ht, and the
trajectory and point-bhank distance becomes more ex-
tended.
Tlie point-blank range increases with the velocity,
the. diameter, and the density of the ball. It is also
affected by the inclination of the line of sight; but
with the angles of elevation used in field service this
effect is too small to be taken into account.
A piece is said to be umiQd point-blank vf\\Qn the line
of metal, which is the natural line of sight, is directed
upon the object. This must be the case when the
object is at point-blank distance. When at a greater
distance, the pendulum-hausse or the tangent scale is
raised upon the breech until the sight is at the height
whicii the degree of elevation for the distance may
require. An artificial lino of sight and an artificial
point-blank arc thus obtained, and the piece is aimed
as befoi'c.
The different lines, angles, etc., which an artillery-
man has to take into account when pointing, will be
best understood by the following figure :
E P c tr is the axis of the piece. P g D is the
trajector}' or curve described by the projectile in its
56 SCHOOL or the piece.
flight. A B c F is the natural line of sight. A c B
is the natural angle of sight.
The projectile, thrown in the direction of the axis
E P c G, is acted upon by the force of gravity, and
begins to fall at once below the line at the rate of 1(H
feet for one second, 641- for two, 144| for three, and so
on in proportion to the time. It cuts the line of sight
at (x, a short distance from the muzzle of the piece,
and, descending, again cuts it at the point D. This
second point of intersection is the jyoint-blank.
Pendulvm-hausse, The instrument at present in
most general use in pointing field guns at objects
beyond the natural point-blank, is called a pendulmn-
havsse, of which the component parts are denomi-
nated the scale, the slider, and the seat. The scale.
is made of sheet brass : at the lower end is a brass
bulb filled with lead. The slide?' is of thin brass, and
is retained in any desired position on the scale by
means of a brass set-screw with a milled head. The
scale is passed through a slit in a ])iece of steely with
which it is connected by a brass screw, forming a
pivot on which the scale can vibraie laterally: this
slit is made long enough to allow the scale to take a
vertical position in any ordinary cases of inequality
of the ground on which the wheels of the carriage
may stand. The ends of this piece of steel form two
journals, by means of M^hich the scale is supported on
SCHOOL OF THE PIECE. 57
the scat attached to the piece, and is at liberty to
vibrate in the direction of the axis of the piece. The
seat is of iron, and is fastened to tlie base of the breech
by three screws, in such manner that the centres of
the two journal notches shall be at a distance from
the axis equal to the radius of the base ring.
A muzzle sight of iron is screwed into the swell of
the muzzle of giins, or ini^o the middle of the muzzle
ring of howitzers. The height of this sight is equal
to the dispaj't of the piece, so that a line from the top
of the muzzle sight to the 2^ivot of the scale is parallel
to the axis of the piece. Consequently, the vertical
plane of sight passing through the centre line of the
scale and top of the muzzle sight will be also parallel
to the axis in any position of the piece : the scale will
therefore alwa3"s indicate correctly the angle which
the line of sight makes with the axis. The seat, for
suspending the hausse upon the piece is adapted to
each piece according to the varying inclination of the
base of the breech to the axis. The hausse, the seat,
and the muzzle sight, varying as they do in their con-
struction and arrangement, according to the configura-
tion of the piece upon which thc}^ are intended to be
used, are marked for the kind of piece to which they
belong. The graduations on the scale are the tangents
of each quarter of a degree to a radius equal to the
distance between the muzzle sight and the centre of
the journal-notches, which are, in all cases, one inch
in rear of the base ring.
The hausse, when not in use, is carrie<l by the gun-
ner in a leather pouch, suspended from a shouldor-
sk'ap.
58 SCHOOL OK THK BATTKRY.
Part S e c o n b .
SCirOOJ; OF THE BATTKRY
Article I.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES.
The manoeuvres of a field batteiy are intended to
furnish the instruction required for conducting its
movements aud formations in all situations in which
it can be employed.
The movements are described for one flank only.
They may be executed by the other flank according
to the same principles, and by inverse means.
The battery of manoeuvre is divided into sections,
each being composed of two pieces and two caissons.
The column of sections is not onlj^ found to be sufli-
cient for the purpose of manoeuvre, but much more
convenient tiian the column of pieces or half-batteries.
The column of pieces requires too great an extension
of the battery, and too much time for its evolutions.
In the column of half-batteries one chief of section is
deprived of his command; and, when formed at full
distance, the depth of the column is essentiall}' the
same as that of sections. Moreover, when this column
is nsed for man(jeuvre, the pieces of the same section
can not be kept long together in any ];)art of the bat-
tery. These objections to the column of half-batter-
ies do not, however, apply to the eight-gun battery,
which can be manoeuvred by half-batteries without
th.
.SOIIOOl- OF Tlir; FiATTKRV. 59.
deprivini]^ a chief of section of Iiis command, or sep-
arating the pieces of the same section. Habitually,
this battery will be manoeuvred by sections, but when
necessary, or expedient, it may be man(xuivre<i by half-
batteries.
Each piece and its caisson arc kept in a fixed rela-
tion to each other, and may be said to constitute a
unit. They are separated only in the formations in
battery. This principle simplifies the manoeuvres
greatly, and renders it generally unnecessary to give
separate commands to the caissons.
No notice is taken of inversions in any of the orders,
either in column, in line, oi* in batteiy. The most
simple and rapid formations are always adopted.
The passage of cai-riages is used as an elementary
principle in the manoeuvres. Jn the formations in bat-
tery it is indispensable for changing the front of a
line; and when executed seasonably, as a preparatory
movement, it greatly facilitates all the formations.
It may be executed with the same, or an increased
gait.
But one wheel is admitted. The j)ivot carriage
preserves its gait, while the others regulate theirs
according to their distances from it; the guide being
always on the pivot flank.
No general or special guides are used. The chiefs
of pieces are the guides of the carriages to which they
,. are attached. And each becomes the guide of the line
or column wdienever his carriage occupies the posi-
tion to which the movements are referred.
The cautionary command Attention is not embraced
among those required \\)v the manoeuvres, l)ut may be
used at the discretion of the captain. The commands
of the chiefs of sections are more iiuinorous, and those
60 SCHOOL OK THE BATTERY.
of the captain arc more frcMjucntlj' repeated, than in
otljer arms of service, on account of tlio noise of car-
riages and extent of command.
As a general rule, the cannoneers sliould mount the
ammunition chests only for rapid movements; and
when within range of the enemy's guns they should
dismount, unless important considerations require a
continuation of the rapid gait The explosion of a
caisson when the cannoneers arc mounted might de-
stro}^ many men.
Two methods have been adopted for the formations
in battery to the front: one requiring the pieces to
be thrown forward, the other requiring the caissons
to be thrown to the rear. The first method is equally
adapted to light and heavy batteries. By this method
the pieces and caissons are rapidly separated; and the
commands may be given while the battery is moving,
so as to leave the caissons at their pro])er distance
in rear of the line on which the pieces are to form.
The second method is not adapted to heavy batteries,
on account of the difficulty of turning the pieces about
by hand. But with light pieces it is advantageous
when the battery is already formed upon the line of
battle, or when the head of the column which is to be
formed into battery is very near that line.
C03J POSITION OF THE BaTTERY OF MANOEUVRE.
The Battery of Moiwuvre is composed of six field
pieces and six caissons, properly- manned, horsed, and
equipped. It is sometimes reduced to four, or in-
creased to eight pieces. The tactics are adapted to
either number, but six pieces are supposed.
Each carriage is drawn by four or six horses, and
the officers and men are as follows:
/
SCHOOL or THE iiATTEllY. 61
One captjiiu, who coiniiuiiuls the battery.
Three liciitensints, each conunanding a section; the
section of the junior lieutenant should be in the centre.
One lieutenant, commanding the line of caissons.
When half- batteries are formed, they arc com-
manded by the two lieutenants highest in rank.
Six mounted sergeants, each charged with guiding
and superintending a piece.
Twenty-four or thirty-six drivers, being one to each
pair of horses.
Six detachments of cannoneers, each containing nine
men. This number includes two corporals, one of
whom is chief of the caisson ; and the other, the
gunner, has charge of the gun and its detachment.
Two trumpeters or buglers.
()nc guidon.
The battery is divided into three sections, denomi-
nated the right, left, and centre sections. Should
there be four sections, they are denominated the
right, right-centre, left-centre, and left sections. A sec-
tion contains two pieces and two caissons, and in
each section the pieces are denominated right piece
and left piece.
The battery is also divided into half-batteries, de-
nominated right half-battery and left half-battery .
The word p)iece applies to the gun or howitzer,
either with or without its limber; and sometimes to
the piece and caisson together.
-' The /ro?if of a battery, in the order in battery, is the
front of the line of ])ieces. In all other formations
it is the front of the first line of drivers.
The right or left of a battery is alwa^'s that of the
actual front, whetiier the pieces or caissons lead.
The interval is a space measured ])arallel to the
front.
02 .SCHOOL OF Tin-: battkhy.
The distance is a 8p;icc measured in cle})Ui, or per-
pendicuhir to the front.
Tlie measures of intervals and distances are given
in vards, and express the vacant spaces between the
coni]K)nent parts of tlie battery.
Fi(iURE 22. Tlie object of a rigid or left wheel is to
give the carriage a direction perpendicular to the one
it liad l>eforc. In executing it, the leading horse on
the jiivot flank describes a quadrant (five yards) of a
circle wliosc i-adins is o.25 yards, and then resumes
the direct march. The horse coupled to him increases
his gait and conforms to Jiis movement, resuming the
direct march at the same time. The centre vCud
wheel horses follow in the tracks of their leaders.
Fic^URE 28. The object of a. right or left oblique is to
give the carriage a direction inclined 45° to the right
or left of the one it had befoi-e. In executing it, the
leading horse on the pivot flank describes the eighth
of a circle, whose radius is 3.25 yards, and then
resumes the dii^^ct march. The horse coupled to him
inci'cascs his gait, conforms to his movement, and
resumes the direct n^arch at the same time. The
other horses follow in the tracks of their leaders.
The oblique of a carriage is in fact one-half of a
right or left wheel.
Figure 24. The passage jipplies to two carriages in
flle, and its object is to pass the rear carriage to the
fi'ont. To execute it, the rear carriage inclines to the
right, passes the one in front, and takes its proper
distance in front by inclining to the left. The recip-
rocal gaits of the carriages are regulated by com-
mands.
Figure 25. The object of an about is to establish
the carriage on the same ground, but in the opposite
schooIj of the battery. Go^
direction, liaving tlic heads of the Jcading horses
where tlio hinder part of the carriage \vaf5 befoi'c.
For the eaRv exec'ution of tiiis movement at all gaits,
an.d*-witl\ a carriage of four Avheels, all the horses
incline at once to the riglit as they advance, and
so move, according to their distances from the pole, as
not to interfere with the wheel-liorses, which really
govern tiie carriage.
FiQUKE 2G. The countermarch applies to two car-
riages of dilferent kinds in iilo. Its object is to make
thein both perform the about, and to establish them on
the ground they occupied before, but in the opposite
direction and with the same carriage in front. In
performing it the carriage of the front rank executes
an about at once, and moves to the ])!ace Avhich was
occupied by the other carriage. The latter follows
the track of the former, executes the about on the
same ground, aud takes its place.
. Note. — The tracks of the limber wheels are indi-
cated by full lines, the track of the otf- leader by
broken lines.
Figure 27. There is but one kind of wheel, which
is that with a moving pivot. The carriage on the
pivot flank wheels in such a manner as to unmask
the ground where the movement commenced. When
the wheel is made with a section front, the pivot car-
riage describes a quadrant [five yards; of a circle
whose radius is H.25. With a battery front the pivot
carriage describes a quadrant (tiocnty-tico yards) of a
circle whose radius m fourteen. If the wheel be order-
ed from a halt, the pivot carringe moves at a walk; if
on the march, it preserves its gait. In all cases the
marching wing regulates its gait in such a manner as
to remain the nhortest possible time in rear of the
,64 SCHOOL OF TOE BATTERY.
line, without urging the horses unnecessarily. In all
wheels the guide is on the pivot flank, and the inter-
vals are preserved from that flank. The chiefs of
pieces act as guides, marching for that purpose J#ith
the leading carriao-es.
The alignment is made on the drivers of the wheel-
horses, except in hatter}', when it is made on the hind
wheels.
In giving commands the strength of the voice
should be proportioned to the length of the line.
When a chief of section does not hoar the commands,
he regulates his movement by what he sees executed
by an adjoining chief. The command Attention is
given by the captain at the commencement and at
each renewal of the exercise; but afterward it is
given only when he thinks it necessary to fix atten-
tion.
Formations of the Battery.
The three following orders constitute the different
formations of the battery of manoiuvre :
1. Order in column. 2. Order in line. 3. Order
IN battery.
Order in Column.
Figure 28. The order in column is that in which the
battery is formed by sections; the carriages being in
two files, and' each piece being followed or preceded
b}'' its caisson.
The captain is generally fourteen yards from the
column and opposite to its centre. But during the
manceuvres he moves wherever his presence may be
most necessary, and where his commands may be best
heard.
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. (35
Each chief of section is in line with his lcadin<r
drivers, and midway between his leading carriages.
The chief of the line of caissons is in line with the
captain, on the opposite side of the column, and four
yards from it. But he does not change his position to
conform to that of the captain.
Each chief of piece is on the left, and near the lead-
ing driver of his leading carriage.
The trumpeters are near tlic captain.
The guidon is liabitualh^ next the chief of the lead-
ing piece, or guide of the leading section, but takes
post wherever the captain may direct.
Ordek in Line.
Fkjure 29. The order in line is that in which the
carriages are formed in two lines: the horses all
facing in the same direction, the pieces limbered, and
each followed or preceded by its caisson.
The captain is generally four yards in front of the
centre. But during the manc^euvres he goes wherever
his presence may be lifest necessary, and wliere his
commands may be best heard.
Each chief of section is in line with his leading
drivers, and midway between the leading carriages of
his section.
The chief of the line of caissons is opposite the
centre, /owr yards behind the rear line of carriages.
Each chief of piece is in the same position as in
column.
The trumpeter, when he does not accompany the
captain, is in line with the leading drivers, and fovr
yards from the right flank.
The guidon is on the left of the trumpeter.
The interval between the carriages \^ fovrtccn yards.
66 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
The distance between tlie two lines is two yards.
The cannoneers are at their posts as in column.
Order in Battery.
Figure 30. The order in battery is that in which the
pieces are prepared for firing: the pieces, limbers, and
caissons being turned toward the enemy, and formed
in tliree parallel lines.
The captain is generally on the left of the chief of
the centre section ; but he may go wherever his pres-
ence is required.
Each chief of section is habitually in tlie centre of
his section, half-way between the lines of pieces and
limbers,
The chief of the line of caissons is opposite the
centre, /owr yards in rear of the line of caissons.
Each chief of piece is outside the file on the left of
his piece, but near it, and opposite the middle of the
trail handspike. During the real execution of the
firings he habitually dismounts, and gives the reins of
his horse to the driver of the^dieel-horses of the lim-
ber, and takes his place on the right or left of the
piece, in such position as will best enable him to ob-
serve the eftect of the shot.
Bach chief of caisson is on the left, and four yards
iu rear of the Umber of the piece.
The trumpeters are near the captain. The guidon
is on the flank of tlie line of caissons.
The interval between the pieces \^ fourteen yards.
The distance between the lines of pieces and lim-
bers is six yards, measuring from the end of the
handsjDike to the heads of the leading horses.
The distance between the lines of limbers and cais-
sons is eleven yards, measuring from the rear of the
SCHOOL OP THE BATTERY. 67
limber^ to the heads of the leading horses of the
caissons.
The cannoneers are at their posts.
When the battery retires firing, the horses and
drivers remain faced to the rear, after the first ret-
I'Ograde movement, that they may be ready to con-
tinue it.
IvEMARKS ON THE FORMATIONS OF THE BaTTERY.
During the mancjeuvres the captain is followed by
the trumpeters, who must not leave him. On receiv-
ing an order from the captain for that purpose, they
take the places assigned them in the order in line.
The guidon takes the place assigned him in the
order in column, in line, or in battery, unless otherwise
instructed by the captain, who directs him to take
such position as he may think necessary.
The double column is a particular case of formation
in column with a front of two pieces. It is formed on
the centre section as head of the column; each of the
other sections being in column of pieces in rear. When
the battery contains four or eight pieces, the double
column is formed upon the two central pieces as
before.
Measures of the Elements Composing a Battery,
AND OF ITS Formations,
The measures given in the three orders of the bat-
tery, and those which will be given hereafter, result
from the dimensions of the different elements em-
braced. Those dimensions are given in the following
table :
68 SCHOOL OF TlIE BATTERY.
BEVtn-j/ds. YRom'-ydn-
Pieces drawn by six horses...- 14 2
Caisson drawn by six horses 14 2
Limber drawn by six horses H 2
Piece in battery with handspike 5 2
Column of sections '94 18
Line of battle 30 82
Line in battery 47 82
Section in line 30 18
Section in battery • 47 18
Manning the Battery.
The gun-detiichments and teams, having been pro})-
erly told off, are marched to the park witli the teams
in front.
The chiefs of pieces and caissons, when mounted,
march with the teams. The whole are conducted to
the battery, the teams hitched, and detachments post-
ed, as prescribed in the school of the section.
As soon as the teams are hitched and cannoneers
posted, a minute inspection is made by the chiefs of
pieces, who report to the chiefs of sections, and a
similar inspection is made by the chiefs of sections,
who report to the captain.
The officers, after reporting, will draw their- sabres
without waiting for a command to that effect. The
chiefs of pieces will draw theirs on an intimation from
the captain.
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 09
Article 11.
MOVEMENTS IN COLUMN.
To Unpark.
Everything being prepared for manoeuvring, if the
captain wishes to unpark by the right, he commandB:
1. By iiiece — -from the right — front into column.
2. March.
At the command March, the right 2)iecc, fblh:>wed
by its caisson, marches direct to the front, and the
captain indicates the direction it should take. The
other pieces and caissons foHow the movement of the
riglit piece, eacli so reguhiting its march by tliat
which precedes it as to march in the same direction
and tivo yards behind. Each chief of section directs
the march of his cari-iages, which are so conducted
by their cliiefs as to enter. the eoiumn by the most
simple movement. The column of pieces is thus
formed with a distance of two _yards between the
carriages.
The captain goes wherever his duty may require,
but generally remains on the left flank, opposite tlie
centre of the column.
The chief of the leading section places himself
near the chief of the leading piece, and on his left;
the other chiefs of sections four yards from the left
flank, abreast the centres of their respective sections.
The chief of the line of caissons is opposite the
centre of the column, and /owr yards from the right
Hank.
70 SCHOOL OF rilE IJATTERY.
Each chief of piece imd caisson, when mounted, is
near liis leading driver on the left.
The trumpeters are near the captain.
The guidon is near the chief of the leading piece,
on his left.
When tlie battery is parked with the caissons in
front, the captain causes it to unpark by the right by
the same commands; the movements being executed
in the same manner.
The battery may be unparked by the left according
to the same principles, and by inverse means.
To Halt.
To halt the battery, when marching in column of
pieces, the captain commands :
1.. Column. 2. Halt.
At the second command, repeated by the chiefs of
sections, all the carriages are immediately halted.
Change of Gait.
The changes of gait, in column of pieces, are exe-
cuted by the following commands from the captain :
To pass from the walk to a trot :
1. Trot. 2. March.
To pass i'rom the trot to a walk :
1. Walk. 2. March.
At the first command, repeated by the chiefs of
sections, all the drivers and others on horseback pre-
pare to change tlie gait; and at the second, repeated
in like manner, they pass at once to the gait indicated
by the first command.
SCHOOL OF THE IJAT'JEllY. / 1
To Form Sections.
Wlicii tlic buttery is marching at a walk in column
of pieces, to form sections at the same gait by gaining
ground to the left, the captain commands :
]. Form sections — left oblique. 2. March, o. Guide
right.
h^'iGURE ol. The chief of the leading section com-
mands Form section — left oblique — March — Guide
right in succession after the captain.
At the command Mahch, the iirst two carriages,
piece and caisson, advance five yards and halt. The
two rear carriages oblique to the left, gain their inter-
vals of fourteen yards, then niove forward and place
themselves abreast and on a line with the other two,
dressina: to tbe I'io-ht.
The chief of the section takes his place midway
between the leading carriages, and on a line with the
lead drivers.
The other sections continue to mai'ch in column of
pieces, and are formed successively by their chiefs;
each commanding F)rjn section — left oblique in time
to command March when the leading carriage of his
section has arrived within five yards of its distance.
The chief of section then commands: Guide right.
When the column of pieces is marching at a trot,
the formation is executed according to the same prin-
ciples and by the same commands. But the leading
carriages, instead of advancing /i^d yards and halting
as before, pass to a walk as soon as the command
Makch is repeated by the chief of section. The
other sections continue to march at a trot, and exe-
cute the movement at that gait, the two leading
carriages of each section i)assing to a walk at the
lA SCHOOL OF THE BATTEllV.
command March, which must be given when they
have closed to their proper distance.
When the column of pieces is at a halt, the forma-
tion is executed as prescribed for the column at a
walk. In this case the carriages all move at the com-
mand March, and the leading ones halt after advan-
cing j^i;e yards.
When the column of pieces is marching at a walk,
to form sections at a trot, gaining ground to the left,
the captain commands:
1. Form sections — left oblique — trot. 2. March.
3. Guide right.
The chief of the leading section repeats the com-
mands Form section — left oblique — trot — March —
Guide right in succession after the captain.
At the first command the chiefs of the other sec-
tions command Trot ; and at the second, wh.icli" they
repeat, their sections commence the trot.
The chiefs of the second and third sections com-
mand Form section — le.ft oblique \w time to command
March when the leading carriage of each section has
nearly gained its distance. Tiie leading carriage then
resumes the walk, and the chief of section commands
Guide right.
The chiefs of sections superintend their carriages,
and take the posts assigned them in the order in
colunin as soon as their sections are formed.
Sections are formed by gaining ground to the right
according to the same principles, and by inverse
means. The commands iiVQ>:,Form sections — right
oblique — March — Guide left; ov.Form sections — right
ue — trot — March — Guide left.
school of the battery. 73
The Battery being in Column of Pieces, to form
THE Caissons on the Flank.
When the battery is in column of pieces with the
caissons in rear, to form the pieces and caissons into
separate cohimns, as in the flank march of a battery
in line, tlie captain commands :
1. Caissons left (or Caissons left — trot). 2. March.
3. Guide right.
These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec-
tions, the caissons oblique at once to the left, gain the
interval of fourteen yards, and place themselves oppo-
site their pieces; the pieces closing upon each other
at the same time to the usual distance. The gait is
regulated as in the formation of sections; and when
the movement is performed at a walk, the leading
carriage halts after advancing its own length.
The chiefs of sections take their places as in column
of sections.
The caissons are formed on the rio-ht according; to
the same principles, and by inverse means.
When the pieces are in rear, they are formed on the
right or left of their caissons in the same manner^ and
by corresponding commands.
To March in Column.
The battery being in column at a halt, to advance,
the captain commands :
1. Column — forward. 2. March. 3. Guide left (or
right).
The commands forward — March — Guide left (or
right) are repeated l:>y the chiefs of scctio^ijs. At the
7
7.4 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
command March, all the carriagcB advance, the guide
maintains the direction, and the carriages, as well as
the detachments of horse cannoneers, preserve their
intervals and distances.
To Halt the Column.
The captain commands :
1. Column- 2. Halt.
At the first command the driver gathers his horses;
at the second he halts.
To resume the march in column, the commands are :
1. Column fonvard. 2. March.
To Change the Gait.
To trot, the captain commands :
i. Trot. 2. March.
At the first command the driver gathers his horses.
At the command March, he takes the trot gradually,
using for the near horse the legs and bridle hand, at
the same time advancing the coupling rein with the
right hand. If the off-horse does not obey this, the
whip may be threatened, and, if necessary, used.
When the horse obeys, replace the hand.
At the command Trot out — March, the horses are
urged to a rapid trot, and the gait 'maintained if nec-
essary by the whip and spur.
At the command Gallop — March, they are urged to
the gallop, which gait is maintained nntil ordered to
be changed.
To pass from the gallop to the trot, the commands
are :
Trot — March.
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 75
To pass from the trot out to the trot, the commands
are :
Slow trot — March.
To pass to a walk, the commands are :
Walk— March.
To move at the rapid gaits from a halt, the com-
mands Trot, etc., should be added to the first com-
mands, so as to immediately precede those of execu-
tion. All changes of gait should he made gradually.
To March by a Plank.
The battery being in colunin, in march, or at a halt,
to gain ground to the left, the captain commands:
1. Column — by the left flank. 2. March.
Figure 32. The commands By the left flank — March
are repeated by the chiefs of sections. At the com-
mand March, each carriage wheels at once to the left,
and, when the wheel is pretty nearly completed, the
captain commands :
1. Forward. 2. Guide right.
These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec-
tions. At the command Forward, all the carriages
march direct to the front.
The line is regularly established, and the carriages
aligned in each rank, with their distances of two and
intervals oi fourteen yards. The chiefs of sections
take their places between the leading carriages as in
line.
To cause the battery to resume its original direc-
tion, the captain commands :
1. Battery — by the right flank. 2. March. 3. For-
ward. 4. Guide left.
76 SCHOOl, OF THE liATTERY.
The commands By the right Hank — ^l^i^cii — FoR-
WAED — Guide left arc repeated and executed accord-
ing to the principles before described.
After the flank march, to march the battery in a
direction opposite to the original one, the captain
commands :
I. Battery— bij the left flank. 2. March. 3. Forward.
4. Guide right.
Oblique March.
The battery being in colLnnn, in march, or at a halt,
to cause it to march obliquely, to gain ground to the
front and left, the captain commands :
\. Column — left oblique. 2. March.
Figure 83. The chiefs of sections repeat the com-
mands X-e/if oblique — March after the captain.
A1 the command March, all the carriages oblique
at once to the left, and march in the new direction,
moving in parallel lines, and preserving their inter-
vals.
In obliquing, the heads of the horses in each rank
are on a line parallel to the original front. The in-
terval is fourteen yards, measured parallel to the front,
and ten yards if measured on a line ])erpendicular to
the oblique direction. In mounted batteries, each
carriage of the right file marches in the prolonga-
tion of the left carriage of the rank which precedes
its own, and at a distance of nine yards.
The chief of section conforms his movements to
those of the section, and preserves his relative posi-
tion.
The guide of the leading section is the guide of the
column.
SCHOOL OP THE HATTERY. 77
Tho officers conform to the movement, and preserve
their rcJative positions.
To resume the original direction, the captain com-
mauds:
Forward.
This command is repeated by tlie chiefs of sections,
and the carriages resume the original direction by
obliquing to the right.
If the captain wishes to halt the column for the
purpose of rectifying its alignments, intervals, or ob-
liquity, he commands:'
1. Column. 2. Halt.
And to resume the march in the oblique direction:
1. Column. 2. March.
The commands Halt — March are repeated by the
chiefs of sections.
Passage of Carriages in Column.
When the battery is marching in column, to change
the relative positions of tlie front and rear ranks,
without altering the gait, the captain commands:
^1. Pieces, pass your eaissojis (or Caissons, pass your
pieces). 2. March.
These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec-
tions; and at the command March, the leading car-
riage of each piece halts. The rear carriage inclines
to the right, passes it, takes the proper distance in
front b}^ inclining to the left, and halts. The chief of
the piece joins it as it passes. To continue the march
without halting the carriages which have pdssed, the
instructor commands Forward when the passage is
nearly completed.
78 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
To continue the march without halting the car-
riages of the rear rank, the captain commands : For-
ward when the passage is nearly completed, and the
command is repeated by the chiefs of section.
When the column is marching at a trot, the passage
is executed according to the same principles, and by
the same commands, except that the carriages of the
front rank move at a walk instead of halting at the
command March. The carriages of the rear rank
execute the passage at a trot, and then change the
gait to a walk.
When the column is at a halt, the passage is exe-
cuted according to the same principles, and by the
same commands. If the captain wishes to put the
column in march immediately after the movement,
he commands: Forward when the passage is about
being completec^, and then Guide left (or right). Those
commands are repeated by the chiefs of sections.
When the column is marching at a walk, to execute
the passage at a trot, the captain commands :
1. Fieces, pass your caissons — trot (or Caissons, pass
your pieces — trot). 2. March.
These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec-
tions. At the command March the carriages of the
front rank in each section continue to march at a
walk. Those of the rear rank execute the passage at
a trot, and resume the walk as soon as the passage is
completed.
About in Column.
The battery being in column, in march, or at a halt,
to face it to the rear, the captain commands:
1. Pieces and caissoiis — left about. 2. March.
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 79^
These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec-
tions; and at the second all the carriages execute the
about. When the movement is about being com-
pleted, the captain commands: Column — Halt; or
Forward — Guide right (or left): the commands Halt,
or Forward — Gruide right (or left) are repeated by the
chiefs of sections.
Countermarch in Column.
The battery being in column, in inarch, or at a halt,
to execute the countermarch in each section, the cap-
tain commands :
1. Countermarch. 2. March.
These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec-
tions, and at the second each piece and its caisson
execute the countermarch. When the movement is
about being completed, the captain commands: Col-
umn— Halt; or Forward — Guide right (or left).
These commands are repeated as in the preceding
paragraph.
To Change Direction in Column.
The battery being in column, in march, or at a halt,
to cause it to change direction to the left, the captain
commands :
Head of column to the left.
Figure 34. The chief of the leading section com-
mands: Left wheel — March; and afterward For-
ward.
At the command March, the pivot carriage exe-
cutes the wheel without changing the gait, the car-
riage on the wheeling flank wheels in such manner as
80 'school of the uattery.
to conform to its movements, increasing the gait, and
preserving the intervals. At the command Forward,
which is given as soon as it is in the new direction,
the pivot carriage moves direct to the front; the other
resumes its original gait after completing the wheel
and arriving npon the same line. The carriages of
the rear rank preserve tlieir distances, and follow
those of the front rank.
Each of the other sections, on arriving at the point
where the first wheeled, executes the same movement,
and b}^ the same commands from its chief
Each chief of section must give the command Left
wheel in time to command March when the heads of
his leaders are three and a quarter j^vd^ from the
wheeling point. And the command Forward must
be given as soon as the leading pivot carriage has
entered the new direction.
The change of direction to the right is executed
according to the same principles, and by inverse
means. _
An oblique change of direction is executed accord-
ing to the same principles by the command :
Head of column — left (or rujht) half-wheel
The chiefs of sections command successively : Left
(or right) half -wheel — March — Forward; the com-
mand Forward being* given, in tliis case, when the
leading pivot carriage of each section is about finish-
ing the left or right oblique.
To Diminish the Front of a Column on the March.
The battery marching at a walk in column of sec-
tions, to form column of pieces from the right, at that
gait, the captain commands:
1. By the right — break sections, 2. March.
SCHOOL- OF THE r.ATTKin'. SI
Figure 35. The chief of the leading section com-
mands successively after the captain :
By the right — break section — March.
At the command March, the right carriages con-
tinue to move forward at a walk, the left carriages
obliquing to enter the column in their rear.
The other sections are broken in succession by the
same commands from their chiefs; the command
March being given Avhen the wheel-horses of the left
carriages of the next preceding section enter the
right oblique.
The battery marching at a walk in column of sec-
tions, to form column of pieces from the right at a
trot, the captain commands :
1. By the right — break sections — trot. 2. March.
The chief of the leading section commands succes-
sively after the ca])tain : By the right — break section —
trot — March; and the right carriages of the leading-
section move forward at a moderate trot. The left
carriages of the same section commence the trot on
obliquing to enter the column.
The other sections are broken successively by the
same commands from their chiefs; and the carriages
are regulated by each other, as in breaking sections
at a walk.
This formation is executed from the left according
to the same principles, and by inverse means.
In Column with the Caissons on the Flank, to
Replace them in Front or Eear.
The battery being in column, with the caissons on
the flank, to re-establish them in rear of their pieces,
the cai>tain commands :
.S2 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
1. Caissons, rear (or Caissons, rear — trot). 2. March.
Each chief of section repeats the commands in time
to command March when the leading piece of his
section is to commence the movement.
At the command March, the piece at the head of
the cohimn moves forward at the required gait, and
its caisson places itself in rear by an oblique. The
other pieces move forward in succession, and are fol-
lowed by their caissons in like manner.
All the carriages preserve the usual distances in
column'.
This movement is performed at the different gaits,
and according to the principles prescribed for break-
ing sections.
To place the caissons in front of their pieces, the
commands are :
1. Caissons, front (or Caissons, front — trot). 2. March.
The caissons oblique successivel}"-, and take their
positions at ^z^*o yards distance in front of their pieces,
which then follow their movements.
To FoR.M THE Park.
The battery being in column of pieces, and near the
ground on which it is to be parked, will be formed by
one of the following commands :
{ Forward into park — right (or left) oblique.
1. At^yardsJ rp^ ^^^^ j,.^^^ ^^^. ^^^.^^ into park,
interval. ^ g^^ ^j^^ ^..^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^ into park.
2 March.
To form forward into park. The column apjjroaches
the park from the rear, the leading piece being in rear
of the ground on which it is to rest.
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 83
At the command March, the leading piece marches
direct to the front, and halts at its proper pLace ; all
the other carriages oblique to the right (or left) until
near their places in park, when they change direction
to the front so as to come up square on tlie line.
They halt a little in rear of the line, and dress for-
ward on the carriage already established.
To form to the right into park. The captain, ap-
proaching the park by its right, directs the cohimn
parallel to tlie front nwd forty yards behind it. At the
command March, which is given when the leading
l)iece is three yards from the point opposite the posi-
tion which it is to occupy, the chief of section wheels
it to the right, moves it forward, and halts it at its
position. The other carnages niove straight forward;
each one wheels to the right when three yards from
the point 0])posite to the position it is to occiipj^ in
park, marches forward, and places itself on the right
of and in line with those already established.
To form to the left into park is executed according to
the same principles, and by inverse means.
To form on the right into park. The captain, ap-
proaching the park by its right, directs the column
parallel to the front and fortg yards in rear.
The leading piece is wheeled to the right and estab-
lished in its position as before; the next, passing in
rear of it, places itself in line on its left in like man-
ner, and so with the others.
When the park consists of two or more lines, the
same principles are observed; each carriage of the
rear ranks follows its file-leader in its movements.
The park should be formed on the left according to
the same principles, and by inverse means.
Kach chief of section directs the march of carriages,
.•^4 SCHOOL OF THE HATTERY.
and each carriage is conducted to its place in park by
its particular chief. When the nature of the ground
requires, the detachments are ordered to leave their
pieces successively when they are about to enter the '
park. "
Article III.
To Pass. FROM the Order in Column to the Order
IN Line, and the Eeverse.
In all formations in line or column the movements
are the same, whether the pieces or caissons lead.
Forward into Line.
The battery being in column at a halt, to form it
into line on the- head of the column, gaining ground
to the left, the captain commands:
1. Fonrardinfo line — left oblique. 2. March. 8. Guide
right. 4. Front.
Figure 86. At the first command the chief of the
leading section commands: Section — forward, and
those of the other sections: Section — left oblique. At
the command March,. repeated by the chiefs of sec-
tions, the leading section moves to the front, and
its chief repeats the command for the guide. After
advancing eighteen yards he commands: Section —
Halt — Right Dress.
Each of the other chiefs of sections repeats the
commands for the guide, and conducts his section by
a left oblique, until by the direct march it may gain
its proper interval from the section immediately on
its right He then commands: Forward, and when
SCHOOL OF TfJK IJATTKRY. .85
witliiii foui' yards of tho line, Section— II Auv—Right
Dress.
When the battery is aligned, the captain commands:
■ Front.
The movement is executed on the opposite flank
accoi-ding to the same ])rinciplcs, and b}^ inverse
means.
In this case the commands are: Forward into line —
••■ ri(/ht oblique— March — Guide left — Front.
The formation forward into line, by a right or left
oblique, is executed in a similar manner when the
column is in march. In this case the chief of the
leading section gives no command except for the
guide, until he has advanced the distance before pre-
scribed. He then halts his section as before.
To Form Line Faced to the Eear.
The battery being in column at a halt, to form it
into line faced to the rear, on the head of the column
gaining ground to the left, the captain commands :
1. Into line faced to the rear— left oblique. 2. March.
8. Guide right. 4. Front.
Figure 37. At the iirst command the chief of the
leading section commands: Section — forward; and
>; those of the other sections: Section— left oblique. At
the command March, repeated by the chiefs of sec-
tions, the movement is executed as prescribed for the
preceding movement, with the exception of the align-
ment. When the leading section has advanced eighteen
yJlrds, it is halted by its chief until the centre section
arrives upon the same line. He then commands :
Countermarch— MxviQ.n) and when the countermarch
is nearly comi)lcted: SeHion—llAm — Left Dress.
86 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERV.
The centre section is halted upon the line in like
manner until the left section conies up, and is then
counterniai'ched and aligned hy the same commands.
AVhen the left section arrives upon the line, it is
countermarched before halting, and then aligned like
the rest.
When the centre and left sections are counter-
marched, the commands Halt — Left Dress should
be given, if possible, when they are /oi;r yards in rear
of the line on whicli the leading section is established.
When the batteiy is aligned, the captain com-
mands : Front.
The movement is executed on the opposite flank ac-
cording to tlic same principles, and by inverse means.
Jn this case the commands are : Info line faced to the
rear— right oblique — March — Guide left — Front.
The formation, into line faced to the rear, by a right
or left oblique, is executed in a similar manner when
the column is in march. In this case, as the leading
section is already in motion, its chief only repeats the
command for the guide.
The countermarch of sections will be executed at
the gait ordered for the rear of the column.
To Form Line to the Eight or Left.
The battery being in column, in march, or in halt,
to form it into line to the left, the captain commands :
I. Left into line^ wheel. 2. March. 3. Battery — ^alt.
4. Jjeft Dress. 5. Front.
Figure 88. At the first command the chiefs of
sections command : Section — Left loheel; and at the
second, which they repeat, all the sections wheel to
the left. Each chief of section commands: Fontxird —
'**.•
SCHOOL OF THE J^ATTEIIV. 87
Guide left :isi soon as his leading pivot carriage has
taken the new direction.
When the rear carriages have completed the wheel,
and the sections are in line, the captain commands :
Battery — Halt — Left Dress.
The commands Halt — Left Dress, are repeated by
the chiefs of sections, and, wlien the alignment is com-
pleted, the captain commands : Front.
The battery is formed into line to the right accord-
ing to the same principles, and by inverse means.
To Form Line on tjie Right oh Left.
The battery marching in column, to form it into
line on the right, the captain commands :
J. On the right into line. 2. March. 3. Guide right.
4. Front.
Figure o9. At the first command the chief of the
leading section commands: Section — right wheel ; and
at the second, which he repeats, the section wheels to
the right. As soon as the leading pivot carriage
enters the new direction, he commands: Forward — ■
Guide right ; and as the section completes the wheel
and unmasks the column, he commands : Section —
Halt — Might Dress.
The chiefs of the other sections repeat the com-
mand for the guide, and their sections continue to
move forward. As each section passes the one pi-e-
ceding it in the formation, its chief establishes it on
the line, with the proper interval, by the same com-
mands. The commands Section — HAi/r — Bight Dress
are given when the section m four yards in rear of the
line.
When the battery is aligned, the captain commands r
Front.
8c> SCHOOL OF THE BATTEllY.
The line is formed on the left according to the same
principles, and by inverse moans. The commands
are : On the left into line — March — Guide left — Front.
When the column is at a halt, the line is formed on
the rio'ht or left in the same manner. In this case
the chiefs of the two rear sections command : Section
— fonoard, and afterwiird repeat the commands
March — Guide right (or left).
To Break into Column to the Front.
The battery being in a lino at a halt, to break into
the column to the front from the right, the captain
commands :
1. B(/ section from the right — fj'ont into column.
2. March. 3. Guide left.
Figure 40. ' At the first command the chief of the
right section commands: Section— forward ; and those
of the other sections : Section — right oblique. At the
command March, repeated by the chief of the right
section, that section moves forward, and its chief re-
peats the command for the guide.
Each of the other chiefs of sections rej^eats the
commands March — Guide left after the section on his
right has commenced the movement, and when the
leaders of its rear carriages are in line with him.
After obliquing sufficientlj'- to gain the rear of the
preceding section, he commands : Forward.
To commence the movement at a trot, the captain
commands :
1.^ IJy section from the right— ^front into column — trot.
2. March. 3. Guide left.
' At the first command the chief of the right «ec-
ft
SCHOOL OF I'irE KATTKRY. 89
tioii commands: Section— forward trot; thoso of the
other sections: Section — forward. At the command
Maiicii, re])cated b}' the chiefs of sections, the right
section moves at a trot, and the other sections at a
walk, their chiefs adding the commands for the guide.
The chiefs of the centre and left sections command:
Section-^ right oblique — trot in time to command
March when the leaders of the rear carriages of the
section on their right are opposite to them.
This rule for commencing movements at a trot is
gene nil.
The movement is executed from the left according
tx) the same principles, and by inverse means.
To Brkak into Couimn to the Rear
The battery being in line, in marcii, or at a halt, to
break into column to the rear from one of the flanks,
the captain executes an about or a countermarch,
according to the kind of carriage lie may wish in
front, then halts the battery, and breaks it into
column to the front by the preceding manoiuvre.
To Break IiNto Column to the Eight or Left.
The battery being in line, in march, or at a halt, to
break it into column to the left, the captain com-
mands :
I. By section — left wheel. 2. March. 3. Forward.
4. Guide left.
Figure 41. At the first command the chiefii of
sections command: Section- — left wheel; and at the
second, repeated by those chiefs, all the sections
wheel to the left. When the wheels are nearly com-
8
90 8(;»u;<)ii OF riiK i;attkuy.
pletcd, the vaptain commands: FcHUVArai — Giiidi: le/f ;
and the chiefs of scction.s repeat the commands.
When the column is not to advance, tlie command
Colmnn — Halt is substituted for Forward — Guide
left
The battery is broken into column to the right ac-
cording to the same principles, and by inverse means.
To Break into Column to the P^ront from One
Flank to March TOWAiin the Other.
The battery being in line at a halt, to break from
the right to march to the left, the captain commands:
1. By section — break fro7n the rujht — to march to the left.
2. March. 3. Guide left.
Figure 42. At the first command the chief of the
right section conimands: Section — forward; and at the
second, which he repeats, the section moves forward,
and he commands: Guide left. After advancing eleven
yards, he changes the direction to the left by the com-
mands: Section — left wheel — March — Forward.
Each of the other chiefs of sections commands: aS'^c-
tion — forward in time to command March when the
limber wheels of the rear carriages in the section pre-
ceding his own arrive in front of him. He then con-
ducts the section to the front, changes its direction to
the left, and places it in rear of the preceding section
by the commands already prescribed for the section
on the right.
The battery is broken from the left to march to the
right according to the same principles, and by inverse
means.
«CHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 01
To Break into Column to tue Rear from One
Plank to March toward the Other.
The })atteiy being in line at a halt, to break to the
rear from one flank to march toward the other, the
ca])tain first execiitcB an about or countermarch, ac-
cording to the kind of carriage he may wish in front.
He then lialts the battery, and executes the preceding
manoeuvre.
To Break into Column to the Front when the
Battery is Marching in Line.
The batteiy marching in line at a walk, to break
into column to the front from the right, and at the
same gait, the captain commands:
1. By the right — break into sections. 2. March.
3. Guide left.
The chief of the right section repeats the command
for the guide, and his section continues to move at the
same gait. At the command March, the other sec-
tions are halted by the command Section — Halt from
their chiefs.
The halted sections are put in motion successively
by their chiefs; each commanding Section — right ob-
lique in time to command March when the leaders
of the rear carriages in the section on his right arrive
opposite to him.
When the battery is marching at a trot, the move-
ment is executed according to the same principles.
But the sections which halted in the preceding case
shickcn the gait to a walk at the commands Walk —
March from their chiefs. They again trot, and enter
the column by the commands Section — right oblique —
frot — March — Forward.
92 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
When the battery is marching in line at a walk, to
break into column from the right at a trot, the cap-
tain commands :
1. By the right — break into sections — trot. 2. March.
3. Guide left.
At the first command the chief of the right section
commands: Trot,; and at the second, which he re-
peats, the section changes its gait to a trot. He after-
ward repeats the command Guide left.
Each of the other sections continues to march at a
^valk until required to enter the column, when its
chief conducts it, as already described, by the com-
mands Section — right oblique — trot — March — For-
ward.
The battery is broken into column from the left ac-
cording to the same principles, and b}- inverse means.
To Form Line Advancing.
When the battery is marching in column at a w^alk,
to form it into line at a trot, gaining ground to the
left, and continue the march, the captain commands:
1. Form line advancing — left oblique — trot. 2. March.
o. Guide right.
The chief of the leading section repeats the com-
mand for the guide, and his section continues to move
at a walk.
At the first command the chiefs of the other sec-
tions command : Section — left oblique — trot. The com-
mand March is repeated by the same chiefs; and
w^hen the oblique movement is commenced, they re-
peat the command Guide right. Each chief com-
mands: Forward as soon as his section has obliqued
SCHOOL OF THK BATTKHY. 93
sufficiently to the lei't, and Walk in time to command
March as it arrives on the line.
When the battery is marching in column at a trot,
the movement is executed according to the same prin-
ciples. In this case the captain does not command
Trot; and the chief of the leading section commands:
Walk-— March successively after the first and second
commands of the captain. The chiefs of the other
sections give the same commands as their sections
arrive on the line.
The movement is executed so as to gain ground to
the right according to the same principles, and by in-
verse means.
To Form Double Column on the Centre Section.
The battery being in line at a halt, to form double
column on the centre section, the captain commands:
1. Double column on the centre. 2. Marcji. 8. Guide
right (or left).
Figure 48. At the first command the chief of the
centre section commands: Section—forward; the chief
of the right section: Section — left oblique; and the
chief of the lefl section: Section — right oblique: At
the command March, repeated by the chief of the
centre section, that section marches to the front, and
Hs chief repeats the command for the guide.
When the wheel-horses in the rear rank of the
centre section liave passed the leaders in the front
rank of the other sections, the chiefs of those sections
repeat the command March, and the sections com-
mence the oblique.
When the piece nearest the column is about enter-
ing it, in each of these sections, the chief of the right
1)4 .SCHOOL OJ' rilK JiATTKllY.
8ectioji commands.: By the left — break section — ^Iabch;
and the chief of the left : By the right — break section —
March. The right and left sections, without change
of gait, then form into columns of pieces in rear of the
rio-ht and left carriao-es of the centre section.
The chiefs of the flank sections are careful to make
their pieces enter the column at the proper time.
When the column is formed, they place themselves four
yards outside of it, the one highest in rank opposite
the leaders of his leading carriage, the' other opposite
the leaders of the front carriage of his rear piece.
In these positions they command the pieces abreast
of them as sections for the time being.
The chief of the line of caissons follows the move-
ment, sees that his carriages do not enter the column
too soon, and, when the column is formed, places
himself /o?^r yards in rear of its centre.
When the battery is marching at a walk, to form
the double cohnnn at the same gait, the captain com-
mands :
1. Double column on the centre. 2. March. 3. Guide
right (or left^.
The chief of the centre section repeats tlie com-
mand for the guide, and the section continues to
advance.
At the command March, the other sections ai*e
halted by the command Section — Halt from their
chiefs. The)' are afterward formed into column by the
commands and means prescribed for forming double
column from a halt.
When the ba-ttery is marching at a trot, the double
column is formed according to the same principles,
lu this case the flank sections pass to a walk, instead
SdlOdL Ol' 'l'»tK liAi'l'KKV. UO
of IjaJling as before, aiul resume Ihc trot, to oblique
and enter the column. The commands from their
chiefs arc: Walk — March — Section — left (or right)
oblique — trot — March, and Ihj the left (or right) — break
sectio v — M A R 0 n .
When llie battery is niarching at a walk, to form
the double column at a trot, the captain commands:
I. Double eoluntn on. the centre — trot. 2. March.
8. Guide right (or left).
At the first command the chief of the centre sec-
tion commands: Trot. At the second, which he re-
peats, the section moves forward at a moderate trot,
and he repeats tlie command for the guide.
The flank sections continue to walk until the centre
has advanced sufficiently to allow them to oblique,
and are then formed into column as ah-eady pre-
scribed; their chiefs commanding: Section — left (or
right) oblique — trot — March; and By the left (or right)
— break section — March.
Jf the battery is at a halt, the chief of the centre
section commands: Forward — trot; and the chiels of
the other sections : Forward after the first command
from the captain. At the second, repeated by the
chiefs of sections, all move forward, the flank sections
at a walk; and the movement is completed as already
dii'ected.
To form the double column with a battery of four
or of eight pieces, the captaiji gives the same com-
mands as with a battery of six. Tu the four-gun
battery, the right section is broken into column of
pieces by the lelt, and the left section is broken by
the right at the commands of the chiefs of sections,
who place themselves <»n the outer flanks of the col-
1)6 SOriUOL OF TIIK IJATTERY.
umn, and command the temporary sections, as directed
for the flank sections of the battery of six pieces.
Ill the battery of eight pieces, the double column is
formed on tlie two centre pieces according to the same
2)rinciples. The flank sections oblique, and form in
column of pieces behind the centre sections at the
commands of their chiefs, who then take post on the
flanks of the column, and command the temporary
sections formed from their own, the senior of the two
commanding the leading one.
To Deploy the Double Column into Ltne to the
Front.
The battery being in double column at a halt, to
form it into line to the front, the captain commands :
]. Forvjard into line. 2. March. 3. Front.
Figure 44. At the first command the chief of the
centre section commands: Section — ■forward; the chief
of the right section: Section into line — right oblique;
and the chief of the left section: Section into line —
left oblique. At the command March, repeated by
these chiefs, the centre section advances five yards,
and its chief commands: Section — tlALT-— Right (or
left, Dress.
The flank sections oblique to the right and left;
and as their pieces arrive in rear of their proper
places on the line, they move forward, halt, and dress
toward the centre without command.
As soon as the battery is aligned, the captain com-
mands : Front.
When the column is marching, the movement is
executed in the same manner. In this case the chief
of the centre section docs not command Section —
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 97
foi'ioard' — March; but halts and aligns his section
after advancing five yards.
When the column is marching at a trot, to deploy
it into line to the front at the same gait, without dis-
continuing the march, the captain commands :
1. Form line advancing. 2. March. 3. Guide right
(or left).
At the first command the chief of the centre sec-
tion commands: Walk; the chief of the right sec-
tion: Section into line — right oblique ; and the chief of
the left section : Section into line — left oblique. At the
command March, repeated by these chiefs, the centre
section slackens its gait to a walk, and the flank sec-
tions deploy. As each piece arrives upon the line its
gait is changed to a walk without command. The
movement is executed as in the preceding cases; but
when the line is formed it continues to advance, the
captain commanding Guide right (or left)^ which com-
mand is repeated by the chiefs of sections.
When the column is marching at a walk, to deploy
it into line to the front at a trot, without discontinu-
ing the march, the captain commands :
1. Form line advancing — trot. 2. March. 3. Guide
right (or left).
At the first command the chief of the right section
commands: Section into line — right oblique — trot; and
the chief of the left section : Section into line — left
oblique — trot. At the command March, repeated by
these chiefs, the flank sections deploy at a trot; the
centre section continues to march at a walk; and,
the line having been formed as in the preceding case,
the captain gives the command for the guide.
9
9&> SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
When the battery consists of four or eight. pieces,
the double column is deploj^ed into line to the front
by the same commands from the captain as when it
consists of six. The chiefs of sections give the same
commands as in the other case. When the line is to
be halted, as in forming forward into line, tlie leading
chief commands: Halt — Bight {ov left) Dress as soon
as the leading carriages have advanced Jive 3'ards;
and the alignment is made upon the central carriages.
To Form the Double Column into Line to the
Eight or Left.
The battery being in double column at a halt, to
foi'm it into line to the right, the captain commands:
L To and on the right into line, 2. March. 3. Front.
At the first command the chief of the leading sec-
tion commands : Section — Right wheel; and the other
chiefs of sections : Forward. At the second, repeated
by those chiefs, the leading section wheels to the
right, and is established on the line. The other pieces
advance under the direction of their chiefs and of the
chiefs of sections, wheel to the right in succession lis
they arrive opposite their places, establish themselves
on the line, and dress upon the pieces already aligned.
When the alignment is completed, the captain com-
mands : Front.
When the column is marching, the line is formed to
the right in the same manner, except that the chiefs
of the flank sections omit the commands Forward —
March. The line is formed to the left according to
the same principles, and by inverse moans.
When the battery consists of four or eight pieces,
the double column is deployed into line to the right or
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 99
left by the same commands from the captain as when
it consists of six. In this case the leading j^ieces are
wheeled to the right or left, as a section, and estab-
lished on the line. For this purpose the leading chief
of section commands : Right (or left) wheel — March — •
Forward — Guide right (or left) — Halt — Eight (or left)
Dress. The other pieces move forward, wheel in suc-
cession as they arrive opposite their places, and form
on the line, as already described.
Article IV.
M 0 V E M K N T S IN LINE.
To Advance in Line.
The battery being in line at a halt, to cause it to
advance, the captain indicates to the guide the points
on which he is to march, and commands :
1. Battery — forward. 2. March. 3. Guide right (or
left).
The commands Forward — March — Guide right (or
left) are repeated by the chiefs of sections. At the
command March, all the carriages move forward at a
walk, and the chiefs of sections preserve the align-
ment toward that chief of carriage who serves as
guide of the line. The guide marches steadily in the
given direction, and the chiefs of carriages regulate
their intervals and alignment by him.
The carriages of the rear rank follow those in front
at their appropriate distance of two yards. The chief
of the line of caiyeons superintends the march of the
100 . SCHOOL Oi* THE BATTEIIY.
rear rank of carriages, and moves wherever his pres-
ence may be necessary for that purpose.
To Halt the Battery and Align it.
When the battery is marching in line, to halt and
align it, the captain commands :
1. Battery— Halt. 2. Right (or left) Dress. 3. Front.
The commands Halt — Bight (or left) Dress are
repeated by the chiefo of sections. At the first com-
mand tffb carriages and detachments halt, and at the
second align themselves by the right (or left) in their
respective ranks; the carriages dressing by the driv-
ers of their wheel-horses. The carriages are placed
as squarely on the line as possible, without opening or
closing the intervals. The captain superintends the
alignment of the front rank of -carriages, and the
chief of the line of caissons that of the rear; each
placing himself for that purpose on the flank of the
guide. When the battery is aligned, the captain com-
mands : Front.
\7hen the battery is halted, if it cannot be aligned
by slight movements, the captain causes one or two
carriages from one of the flanks or centre to advance
four yards, or to a greater distance if necessary, and
then causes the alignment to be made by the right,
left, or centre, by the command Right, Left, or On
the centre — Dress. At this command the carriaires
and detachments move forward, and align themselves
according to the principles just explained; the drivers
halting a little in rear of the line, and dressing for-
ward, so as to place the carriages as squarely upon it
as. possible.
school of the battery. . 101
Changes of Gait.
When the battery is marching in line, the changes
of gait are effected by the commands and means pre-
scribed for changes when marching in column.
To March by a Flank.
Figure 45. The battery baing in line, in march or
at a halt, to cause it to move in the direction of one of
its flanks, the captain commands :
1. Batter 1/ — by tJie right (pv left) flank. 2. March.
And the movement is executed as prescribed for
the same movement when the battery is marching
in column.
Oblique March.
Figure 46. The battery being in line, in march or
at a halt, to gain ground to the front and toward one
of the flanks, and afterward resume the direct march,
the captain commands : Battery — left (or right) oblique^
which is executed in the same manner as the oblique
in column.
Passage of Carriages in Line.
When the battery is in line, the passage of car-
riages is executed by the commands and means pre-
scribed for the passage of carriages in column.
About in Line.
When the battery is in line, the about is executed
by the commands and means prescribed for the same
movement when in cohimn, substituting the word
battery for column.
102 • school of the battery.
Countermarching in Line.
The countermarch of a battery in line is executed
by the commands and means prescribed for the same
movement in column, substituting the word battery
for column in the command.
To ChanctE Direction in Line.
The battery being in line at a halt, to wheel it to
the right, the captain commands :
1. Battery — right wheel. 2. March. 3. Forward.
4. Battery — Halt. 5. Right Dress. G. Front.
The commands Right wheel — March — Forward —
Halt — Right Dress are repeated by the chiefs of sec-
tions.
Figure 47. 'At the command March, the pivot
carriage moves at a walk, and describes a quadrant
(tiventy-tico 3'ards) of a circle whose radius is fourteen
yards. The other carriages move at a trot, and pre-
serve their intervals from the pivot. They regulate
their gaits according to the distance from the pivot, so
as to remain as short a time as possible in rear of the
line, without urging their horses injuriously, and so
as to arrive upon it in succession. The carriages of
the rear rank follow at the proper distance in the
tracks of those in front.
At the command Forward, which is given when
the leading pivot carriage has described its arc of
twenty-two yards, the carriage moves direct to the
front; and when the rear pivot carriage is in the new
direction, the captain commands : Battery — Halt —
Right Dress. The commands Forward — Halt —
Right Dress are repeated by the cliiefs of the light
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 108
section immediately after the captain, and by the
other chiefs in time to be applicable to their sections;
the pivot carriages halting at the command Halt,
and the others halting and dressing toward the pivot
as they arrive in succession on tlie line.
When the battery is aligned, the captain commands:
Front.
The battery is wheeled to the left according to the
same principles, and by inverse means.
When the battery is at a halt or marching in line,
to wheel it to the right and continue the march, the
captain commands:
1. Battery— right wheel. 2. March. 3. Forward.
The movement is executed as already described,
except that the pivot carriage, after wheeling, con-
tinues to march in the new direction, and the others
conform to its gait and direction as they arrive on the
line.
The direction is changed on the left according to
the same principles, and by inverse means.
To Close Intervals in Line.
When the batter}^ is marching in line at a walk or
trot, to diminish its intervals, the captain commands :
1. On right (or left) 'piece of ■ section to
yards — dose intervals .
Figure 48. The chief of the section designated
re])eats the command : On right (or left) piece to
yards — close intervals; and the other chiefs of sections
command : Right (or left) to yards — close inter-
vals. At the command March, repeated by the same
chiefs, the piece designated as the one of direction
104 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
raoves forward at a walk, and the others oblique
toward it at a trot. Each obliquing carriage regu-
lates its march by the one next toward the carriage
of direction, and, after closing to the prescribed inter-
val, moves forward on the alignment of the directing
carriage, and slackens the gait to a walk.
As soon as the intervals are closed, the command for
the guide is renewed by the captain, and repeated by
the chiefs of sections.
When the intervals are to be closed toward one of
the flanks, the captain commands :
1. On right (or leff) piece to yards — close inter-
vals. 2. March.
About or Countermarch with Diminished
Intervals.
The battery being in line with diminislied intervals,
in march or at a halt, to execute an about or counter-
march, the captain commands :
1. Pieces and caisso7is — left about (or countermarch).
2. Right pieces forward (or right 'pieces forward —
trot).
3. March.
The chiefs of sections repeat these commands. At
the second the right carriages of each section move
forAvard, and as soon as the}^ are disengaged from the
line, the captain commands : March. All the car-
riages execute the required movement at this com-
mand, with the gait corresponding to tliat of the
carriages in front.
In regard to the change of gait, these movements
are executed according to the principles presci'ibed
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 105
in order that the right carriages may move out of
line and return to it again at the completion of tlie
movement.
To Eesumk Intervals.
When the battery is marching in line with dimin-
ished intervals, to cause the regular intervals to be
resumed, the captain commands :
1. Oil right (or left) piece of section—full inter-
vals. 2. March.
^^ Figure 49. The chief of the section designated
repeats the command : On right (or left) piece — full
intervals; and the other chiefs of sections command:
From, the right (or leff) — full intervals.
At the command March, repeated by the chiefs of
sections, the carriage of direction in each rank con-
tinues to march to the front, and the others oblique
from it at an increased gait, to regain their intervals.
Each carriage regulates its march by the one adjoin-
ing toward the carriage of direction, and, when the
interval is regained, moves forward on the alignment,
and resumes its gait.
As soon as the movement is completed, the com-
mand for the guide is renewed hy the captain, and
repealed by the chiefs of sections.
When the intervals are to be resumed from one of
the flanks, the captain commands :
1. On right (or left) piece— full intervals. 2. March.
Passage of Obstacles.
When the battery is marching in line, to pass an
obstacle which presents itself in front of one of th<^
sections, the captain commands:
1U6 SCHOOL OF TIIK BATTKRY.
1. Section.. 2. Obstacle.
At the command OBSTACLt:, the chief of the section
designated observes the obstacle, and gives the nec-
cssaiy commands for closing on one" of the adjoining
sections, removing from it, breaking his section, or
halting it, and forming in cohimn in rear of one of the
adjoining sections. The section generally resumes
the regular march by means the inverse of those
used for passing the obstacle. It resumes its place at
an increased gait, and by the commands Section into
line — Xarcii fi-om its chief.
The passage of defiles is nothing more than the
passage of obstacles, which requires the line to be
broken into column of sections, by one of the ma-
noeuvres prescribed for passing from the order in line
to the order in column. When it becomes necessary
to break the sections, they should be formed again
in succession by their chiefs as soon as the ground
will permit.
Article V.
FORMATIONS IN BATTERY.
In Line, with Pieces in Front, to Form in Battery
TO THE Front.
When the battery is in line at a halt, with the
pieces in front, to form in battery to the front, the
captain commands :
1. In BATTERY. 2. Guide left. 3. March.
Figure 50. At the command In battery, the cais-
sons stand fast and the pieces advance. The intervals
k
SCHOOL OF thj: battery. 107
and alignment are preserved, and the chiefs of pieces
and of the section march at their phiccs in line.
At the command March, which is given as soon'
as they have advanced seventeen yards, the chiefs of
pieces and of the section halt, and the pieces execute
.an about. As soon as the about is completed, the
pieces are halted, unlimbered, and prepared for firing,
the limbers being taken to their places in batter^' by
ail about.
When the pieces come about, the one already des-
ignated as such continues to be the guide, and the
alignment is made on it.
When the cannoneers are marching by the sides of
their pieces they halt at the command March, allow
their pieces to pass them, change sides, and move for-
ward to the posts they are to occupy when their pieces
have completed the about. They are not required to
observe any particular order during this movement.
When the cannoneei's are mounted on the ammu-
nition-chests, those on the caissons dismount and run
to their posts at the command In battery. Those on
the pieces dismount after the about.
The chiefs of pieces, and of the section, take their
posts in battery as soon as that formation is completed.
This rule is (jeneral.
After the formation, the captain rectiiies the align-
ment if necessary. The piece originally designated
as such continues to be the guide until the movement
is completed, and the alignment is made upon it.
When the battery is marching in line, with the
pieces in front, it is formed in battery to tho front
according to the same principles, and by the com-
mands :
1. In battery. 2. March.
108 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
These commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec-
tions, and, at the command In battery, the caissons
halt, the cannoneers dismounting and running to their
J)0StS.
To Form in Battery to the Front, by Throwing
THE Caissons to the Eear,
When the battery is in line at a halt, with the
pieces or caissons in front, to form in battery to the
front by throwing the caissons to the rear, the captain
commands :
Action front.
This command is repeated by the chiefs of sections,
and the pieces are unlimbered and wheeled about by
hand. The limbers and caissons, reversing to the left
at the same time, move to the rear, and take their
places in battery at their proper distances by another
reverse.
When the cannoneers are mounted on the ammuni-
tion-chests, they dismount as soon as the command
Action front is given, and run to their posts.
The battery is generally in line at a halt when this
mode of coming into action is resorted to. It may
also be used in successive formations bj^ giving the
command Action front when a ])art of the battery
has been halted on the line. But with bad ground or
heavy pieces this mode of coming into action should
not be used.
In Line, with Caissons in Front, to Form in
Battery to the Front.
When the battery is in line at a halt, with tlie
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. |t:109
caissons in front, to form in battery to the front, the
captain commands :
1. Fieces, pass your caissons — March. 2. In battery —
Guide left (or right). 3. March.
P'iGURE 51. These commands are repeated b\^ the
chiefs of sections, the pieces pass their caissons, and,
at the command In battery, given as soon as the
pieces have passed their caissons, the formation is
executed as j:)rescribed for forming in battery with
pieces in front.
When the battery is marching in line, with the
caissons in front, it is I'ormed in battery to the front
according to the same principles, and b}^ the com-
mands Pieces pass your caissons (or Pieces^ jyass your
caissons — trot) — March — In battery — Guide left —
March.
In Line, with Pieces in Front, to Forim in Battery
to the Bear.
AVhen the battery is in line at a halt, with tlie
pieces in front, to form in battery to the rear, the
captain commands :
1. Mre to the rear. 2. Caissons, pass your pieces — trot —
March. S. In Battery.
Figure 52. The commands are repeated by the
chiefs of sections. At the second, the caissons oblique
to the right, pass their pieces at a brisk trot, advance
seventeen yards bej^ond them, execute a reverse to-
gether, and take their places in battery. At the
third, which is given as soon as the caissons have
passed, the cannoneers unlimber and prepare for
liring.
110 SCHO'OL OF THE BATTERY.
When the cannoneers arc mounted on the ammuni-
tion-chests tl»e caissons halt to allow the cannoneers
to dismount, before executing tiie reverse. As soon
as the caissons halt, the cannoneers dismount and run
to their posts. AYhen the battery is at a halt, as in
the present case, it is considered better to dismount
the cannoneers before commencing the movement.
Tlie chief of the line of caissons precedes the move-
ment of his carriages, and places himself on the line
to be occupied by their leaders when the reverse is
commenced. He takes his place in battery as soon
as the reverse is completed and the carriages are on
the line.
When the batterj is marching in line, with the
pieces in front, the formation in battery to the rear is
executed according to the same principles and by the
same commands. , At the command In battery, which
is given as soon as the caissons have passed their
pieces, the latter halt, and the movement is completed
as already described.
In Link, with Caissons in Front, to Form in
Battery to the Eear.
When the battery is in line at a halt, with the
caissons in front, to form in battery to the rear, the
captain commands:
1. Fire to the rear. 2. In battery.
Figure 53. At the command In battery, which is
repeated by the chiefs of sections, the cannoneers
un limber and prepare for tiring.
The chiefs of pieces and sections take their places
in battery..
The caissons move at a brisk trot and take their
SCHOOL OF THE KATTKllV. Ill
places in buttery, under the snpcrintendcnee of tlieir
chief.
When the battery is marching in line, with the
caissons in front, the formation in battery to tlie rear
is executed according to the same principles and by
the same commands.
In Battery, to Form in Line to the Front,
Being in battery, to form in line to the front, with
the caissons in rear, the captain commands:
LlxMBER TO THE FRONT.
This command is repeated by the chiois of sections,
and the pieces are limbered as described in the School
of the Piece; the caissons closing at the same time to
the proper distance without further command.
When the captain wishes to pLace the caissons in
front, he commands: Limber to the front; and,
while the pieces are limbering. Caissons, pass your
pieces — trot — March. The caissons pass, and halt in
front of their pieces; or, if the captain wishes the
battery to advance, he commands: Forward — Guide
right (or left) as the cassions are completing the
passage.
The commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec-
tions.
When the pieces can not be wheeled about by hand,
the captain commands: Limber to the rear; and,
Avhen this is executed, if he wishes to retain the pieces
in front, he commands:
\. Pieces, left about — caissons, forward. 2. March.
3. Battery — Halt.
Figure 51. The command Limber to the rear is
112 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
repeated by the chiefs of sections. The first and
second commands are also repeated by the chiefs of
sections, and the pieces execute tlie about; the cais-
sons closing at the same time to tioo yards. The
third command is given as soon as the about is com-
pleted, and the word halt being repeated by the
chiefs of sections the pieces halt, and place themselves
squarely on the line.
The captain rectifies the alignment, if necessary,
and commands : Front.
When the battery is to advance immediately, the
captain commands: Forward — Guide right (or left)
instead of Battery — Halt; and the caissons close on
the march.
Figure 55. When the captain wishes to place the
caissons in front, he may cause the pieces to be lim-
bered to the rear as before, and commands :
1. Caissons, pass your pieces — trot — pieces, left about.
2. March. 3. Battery — Halt, or Forward — Guide
right (or left).
These commands are repeated.
The pieces execute the about at once, the caissons
move straight to the front, and so pass the pieces
during the execution of the about.
In Battery, to Form in Line to the Eear.
When in battery, to form in line to the rear, the
captain causes the pieces to be limbered to the rear;
and then, if he wishes to place the caissons in front,
commands :
1. Caissons, left about — pieces, forward. 2. March.
3. Battery — Halt, or Forward — Guide right (or left).
jjgtik,
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 11
Figure 56. The first two commands are repeated
by the chiefs of sections; the caissons execute the
about, and the pieces close to their proper distances.
The third command, which is given at the moment
the about is finished, is repeated and executed as pre-
scribed.
The captain rectifies the alignment if necessary,
and commands: Front.
If the formation in line to the rear is to be exe-
cuted by placing the pieces in front, the captain, after
causing the pieces to be limbered to the rear, com-
mands :
1. Pieces, pass your caissons — caissons^ left about. 2.
March. 3. Battery — Halt, or Forward — Guide
right (or left).
Figure 57. The first two commands are repeated
by the chiefs of sections; at the command March,
the pieces pass their caissons by moving direct to the
front, the caissons executing the about at the same
command, and so regulating the gait as to take their
proper distances.
The captain rectifies the alignment if necessary,
and commands: Front.
In forming line to the rear, the caissons may be
phiced at once either in front or in rear of their
pieces. To effect this the captain commands : Limber
to the rear, and immediately adds, to place them in
front :
1. Caissons, in front of your pieces (or Caissons, in front
of your pieces — trot). 2. March.
While tlie pieces are limbering, the caissons oblique
to the right, move forward near the middle of the
interval between the leaders of the pieces, place them-
10
114 SCHOOL OF THK BATTERy.
selves in tVoiit of them by two successive wheels to
the left, and halt.
If he wishes to place them in rear, the commands
are :
1. Caissons, in rear of your pieces (or Caissons, in rear
of your pieces — trot). 2. March.
The caissons incline to the right, pass their pieces,
move sufliciently to the rear, and the-n by a left reverse
take their positions in rear of their pieces.
The commands in both cases are repeated by the
chiefs of sections.
In Column, with Pieces in Front, to Form in Bat-
tery TO THE Front.
When the battery is in column at a halt, with the
pieces in froiit, to form in battery to the front, by
gaining ground to the left, the captain commands:
1. Forward into battery — hft oblique. 2. March.
o. Guide right.
Figure 58. At the first command the chief of the
leading section commands: Section — forward; and
those of the other sections: Section — left oblique. The
chief of the line of caissons moves quickly to the right
of the leading section, to cause the caissons to halt at
the proper time and to superintend their alignment.
At the command March,, repeated by the chiefs of
sections, the movement is executed as prescribed for
forming line to the front. But,, as each section arrives
on the line, instead of halting, its chief forms it in
battery to the front by the commands: In batteiiy —
March.
The formation in battery to the front, by gaining
v'S3.N*l*S»ii,-.,,. . ..
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 115
grouDd to the right, is executed according to the same
principles, and by inverse means. The commands
are :
Forward into battery—right oblique — March — Guide
left.
When the battery is marching in column, it is
formed in battery to the front by applying the same
principles.
In Column, with Caissons in Front, to Form in
Battery to the Front.
When the battery is in column at a halt, with the
caissons in front, to form in battery to the front, by
gaining ground to the left, the captain commands:
1. Forward into battery— left oblique. 2. March.
?>. Guide right.
Figure 59. At the first command the chief of the
leading section commands: Section— forward; and
those of the other sections: Section— left oblique. The
chief of the line of caissons moves quickly to the
right of the leading section, to halt the caissons at
the proper time and to superintend their alignment.
At the command March, repeated by the chiefs of
sections, the movement is executed as prescribed for
forming line to the front. But, as each section arrives
on the line, instead of halting, its chief forms it in
battery to the front by the commands: Pieces, pass
your caisso7is— March — In battery — March.
The formation in battery to the front, by gaining
ground to the right, is executed according to the same
principles, and by inverse means.
When the batter}- is marching in column, it is
116 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
formed in battery to the front by applying the same
principles.
In Column, with Pieces in Front, to Form in -
Battery to the Eear. ^Bb
When the battery is in column at a halt, with the
pieces in front, to form in battery to the rear, by
gaining ground to the left, the captain commands :
1. Into battery J faced to the rear — left oblique. 2. March.
■ 3. Guide right.
Figure 60. At the first command the chief of tlie
leading section commands: Section — forward; and
those of the other sections : Section — left oblique. The
chief of the line of caissons goes to tlie right of the
leading section, to direct the reverse of the caissons
and to superintend their alignment. At the command
March, repeated by the chiefs of sections, the move-
ment is executed as prescribed for forming line to the
front. But, as each section arrives on the line, instead
of halting, its chief forms it in battery to the rear by
the commands: Fire to the rear — Caissons, pass your
pieces — trot — March — In battery.
The formation in battery to the rear, by. gaining
ground to the right, is executed according to the same
principles, and by inverse means.
When the battery is marching in column, it is
formed into battery to the rear by applying the same
principles.
In Column, with Caissons in Front, to Form in
Battery to the Bear.
The battery being in column at a halt, with the
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 117
caissons in front, to form in battery to the rear, by
gaining ground to the left, the captain commands:
1. Into battery , faced to the rear — left oblique. 2. March.
3. Guide right.
Figure 61. At the first comrnxuid the chief of the
leading section commands: Section — forward; and
those of the other sections : Section — left oblique. The
chief of the line of caissons goes to the right of tlie
leading section, to direct the about of the caissons
and to superintend their alignment. At the command
March, repeated by the chiefs of sections, the move-
ment is executed as prescribed for forming line to the
front. But, as each section arrives on the line, instead
of halting, its chief forms it into battery to the rear
by the commands : JP'ire to the rear — In battery.
The formation in battery to the rear, by gaining
ground to the right, is executed according to the same
principles, and by inverse means.
When the battery is marching in column, it is
formed into battery to the rear by applying the same
principles.
In Column, with Pieces in Front, to Form in
Battery to the Right or Left.
When the battery is in column, in march or at a
halt, with the pieces in front, if the captain wishes to
form it in battery to the left, by gaining ground to
the right, he commands :
1. Fire to the left — by section, right loheel. 2. March.
3. Caissons J pass your pieces — trot. 4. March.
5. In battery.
Figure 62. At the first command the chiefs of the
118 SCHOOL OF THK BATTERY.
sections comniaiul : Section — right tvheel ; and at the
second, which they repeat, all the sections wheel to
the right. Tiie caissons follow their pieces at the
proper distance.
At the commands Caissons, jjass your pieces — trot —
March, which arc given before the completion of the
wheel, and repeated by the chiefs of sections, all the
caissons pass their pieces at a trot.
At the command In battery, which is given and
repeated in like manner as soon as the caissons have
passed and the pieces are square on the new line, all
the sections form at once into battery to the rear.
When the captain wishes to form in battery to the
left, by gaining ground to the left, he commands :
1. Fire to the left — by section, left wheel. 2. March.
8. In battery. 4. March.
Figure 08. At the first command the chiefs of
sections command: Section — left wheel; and at the
second, which they repeat, all the sections wheel at
once to the left.
At the command liN battery, which is given and
repeated as soon as the caissons have completed the
wheel, all the sections form at once into battery to
the front.
The two formations in battery to the right, by
gaining ground to the left or right, are executed
according to the same principles, and by inverse
means. The commands are : Fire to the right — by sec-
tion, left wheel — March ; caissons, pass your pieces —
trot — march — In battery; or, Ii\re to the right — by
section, right wheel — March — In battery — March.
(Figure 04.)
school of the j5attery. 110
In Column, with Caissons in Front, to Form in
Battery to the Eight or Left.
When the battery is in column, in march or at a
halt, with the caissons in front, to form it in battery
to the left, by gaining ground to the right, the captain
commands :
1. Fire to the left — by section^ right, wheel. 2. March.
3. In battery.
Figure 65. At the first command the chiefs of
sections command: Section — right wheel ; and at the
second, which they repeat, the sections wheel at once
to the right, and move to the front at the commands
Forward — Guide right from their chiefs.
At the command In battery, which is given and
repeated as soon as the ])ieces are square on the new
line, all the sections form at once into battery to the
rear.
To form in battery to the left,, gaining ground to
the left, the captain commands :
1. Fire to the left — hy section, left wheel. '1. March.
8. Pieces, pass your caissotis. 4. March. 5. In
battery. 6. March.
Figure 66. At the first command the chiefs of
sections command: Section — left loheel ; and. at the
second, which they repeat, the sections wheel at once
to the left. The third and fourth commands are given
and repeated just before the completion of the wheel ;
and the fifth is given when the pieces have passed
their caissons and the latter are square upon the new
line. The sections are then formed in battery to the
front.
The formation in battery to the right, by gaining
120 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
ground to the right or left, are executed according to
the same principles, and by inverse means. (Figure
67.)
In Column, with Pieces in Front, to Form in
Battery on the Hight or Leet.
When the battery is marching in column, with the
pieces in front, to form in battery on the right, the
captain commands :
1. On the right into battery. 2. March. 3. Guide
right.
At the first command the chief of the leading sec-
tion commands: Section — right icheel; and the chief
of the line of caissons goes to that section. At the
command March, repeated by the chief of the lead-
ing section, that section wheels to the right, and its
chief conducts it to the line by tiie commands For-
ward— Guide right. And then, without halting, it is
formed fnto battery to the front, by the commands
In battery — March — from its chief.
The other sections continue to advance; and, as
each arrives opposite its place in battery, after pass-
ing the one i^j'cccding it in the formation, it is formed
into battery by its chief, by the commands Section —
right wheel — March — Forward — Guide right — In bat-
tery— March; tiie command In battery being given
as the caissons arrive in line with those already
established.
The formation in battery on the left is executed
according to the same principles, and by inverse
means.
When the battery is in column at a halt, it is formed
in battery on the right or left according to the same
SCHOOL or THE IJATTERY. 121
principles, in tliis case, the chiefs of the two rear
sections command: Section — forward immediately after
the first command of the captain, and then repeat the
commands March — Guide right (or hft).
In Column, with Caissons in Front, to For^i jn
' Battery on thk Right or Left.
When the battery is marchiniij in column, with thc<
caissons in front, to form in battery on the right, the
captain commands :
1. On the right into batter y. 2. March, o. (ruide
right.
At the first command the ciiicf of the leadini*; sec-
tion commands: Section — right loheej ; and the chiel
of the line of cjiissons goes to that section. At the
command March, repeated by the chief of the leading
section, that section wheels to the right, and is con-
ducted to the line b}^ the commands Forward — (ruide
right from its chief; as soon as it reaches the line,
the section is formed in battery .to the front by the
commands Pieces, pasa your caissons — March — In
battery — March from its chief
The other sections continue to advance, and, as
each arrives opposite its place in battery, after having
passed the one preceding it in the formation, it is
wheeled to the right, and formed into battery by its
chief, in the same manner as the leading section.
The formation in battery on the left is executed
according to the same principles, and by inverse
means.
When the battery is in column at a halt, it is formed
in battery on the right or left according to the same
principles.
U
/
I'l'l. HCHOOL OF THE UATTEllY.
To Deplov the J)ouhle Column into Battery to
THE Front or Kear.
The hjilterv beini; in double column at a halt, to
deploy it into batteiy to the front, the captain com-
mands:
1. Forward into battery. 2. MarciJ.
At the lirst command the chief of the centre sec-
tion commands: Section — forward; that of the right:
Section — into line — rig/it oblif/ue ; that of the left:
Section into line — left oblique; and the cliief of the
line of caissons £coes to the leadini:; section. At the
command Xarch, repeated by the chiefs of sections,
the centre section advances Jioe yards, and, without
halting, is forme(!l into battery to the front.
The pieces of the flank sections are brought upon
the line by obliquing, and placed successively in bat-
tery without command; regulating by the centre sec-
tion.
When the battery is marching in double column, it
is deployed into bat'tery to the front in the same man-
ner, except that the chief of the centre section does
not command Section— forward — March.
When the battery is in double column, marching or
at a halt, it is deployed into battery to the rear ac-
cording to the same })rir)ci])les. The commands are:
I. Into battery^ faecd to thv rear. 2. March.
When the battery consists of four or eight pieces,
the double column is deployed into battery to the
front or rear by tlio same commands from the captain
as when it consisted of six. The sections are formed
into battery as prescribed for the flank sections in
this number. The leadinir chief of section, besides
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 123
superintending the formation of his own, gives the
commands required for the centre section, and the
leading pieces conform to the movements of that sec-
tion.
To Deploy the Double Column into Battery to
THE Eight or Left.
When the battery is in double column, marching or
at a halt, to form it in battery to the right, the cap-
tain commands :
1. To and on the right into battery. 2. March.
The centre section is formed in battery on the right
as prescribed for the leading section.
The other pieces are brought into line, and, without
halting, are formed successively in battery to the front
without commands; regulating by the centre section.
The deployment into battery to the left is executed
according to the same principles, and by inverse
means.
When the battery consists of four or eight pieces,
the column is deployed into battery to the right oi'
left by the same commands from the captain as when
it consists of six. In this case, the leading pieces are
wheeled to the right or left as a section, and conduct-
ed to the line by the leading chief of section. And
then, without halting, they are formed into battery to
the front by the same chief The other pieces move
forward, wheel in succession as they arrive opposite
their places, and form in battery on the alignment of
those already established.
124 SCHOOL OF the battkry.
To Pass from the Order in Battery to the Order
IN Column.
Being in battery, to Ibrni column, the captain first
causes the line to be formed, and then forms column
by one of the manoeuvres for passing from the order
in line to the order in column.
To 3lARcn BY A Flank.
Beirig in battery, to gnin ground to the left, for tlic
purpose of forming again in battery without an inter-
mediate formation, the captain causes the pieces to be
limbered to the rear, and commands :
1. Pieces, right — caissons, left — loltcel. 2. March.
o. Forward. 4. Guide right.
Figure (58. These commands are repeated by the
tdiiefs of sections^
The movement to gain ground to the left may be
executed by limbering at once to the left; the cais-
sons wheeling to the left Avhile the pieces are limber-
ing; and tlie captain afterward commanding: For-
ward — M ARCH — Guide right.
The movement to gain ground to the right is ex-
ecuted by either of the methods above described,
■applying the satne ])i'inciple.s, and l)y inverse means.
As soon as the battery has reached the position on
the left which it is intond<'(l to occupy, the captain
commands :
• i. Battery, by the left Jiank. 2. .March, n. Fire to the
rear. 1. J.\ jjattery.
The commands By the left Jieuik — March are re-
peated by the chiefs of sections, and executed as usual.
The commands Fire to the rear — In battery arc given
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 125
and repeated as soon as the pieces have completed the
wheel, and executed as prescribed.
When tlie battery is to move to a flank, and bo
formed into battery again on the same line, it may be
executed by limbering to the front, marching to a
flank, and then commanding: Column — by the right (or
left) flank — Mauch — Fire to the rear— In battery j the
caissons taking their proper places in battery by a
left about.
The same thing may be executed by limbering to
the right or left, gaining ground to the flank, halting,
and commanding: Action left, or Actio?^ rihht.
Article VT,
FIRINGS.
When everything is prepared for flring, the captain
commands :
Commence Firing.
This command, given by itself or after Load, is
repeated by the chiefs of sections, and the flring is
immediately commenced.
To Are by battery, the captain commands:
1. Fire by battery. 2. Battery — Fire.
The first command is repeated by the chiefs of sec-
tions; the second is not repeated.
To flre by half-battery, the commands of the cap-
tain are :
1. Fii'e by half-battery. 2. Right (or left) half -battery —
Fire.
126 SCHOOL OF THK BATTERY.
To fire by section :
1. Fire by section. 2. Bight (centre or left) section— Fire.
To fire b}^ piece :
1. Fire by piece. 2. Right section — right (or left) piece —
Fire.
The chiefs of half-batteries or sections repeat the
first command, and immcdiatel}' designate their re-
spective commands as Right or left half-battery —
Right or left section. They do not repeat the second
commands.
The firing is discontinued by the command or sig-
nal:
Cease Firing.
This command is repeated by the chiefs of sections
and of pieces, and the loaded pieces discharged or the
load drawn, except in the case when the battery is
retiring with the prolonge. ,
To move and fire with the prolonge fixed, the cap-
tain gives the necessary directions. It is but seldom
that this mode of moving and firing is necessary, and
it Avill onl}^ be resorted to when circumfitances re-
quire it.
To Fire Advancing.
When the battery is firing, to advance b}^ half-bat-
teries, the captain commands :
1. Fire advancing by half -battery . 2. Right half-battery —
Advance.
At the second command the chief of the right half-
battery discontinues firing, causes his pieces to be
limbered to the front, and commands: Forward —
March — Guide left. Or he may cause them to be
SCHOOL OF THi: BATTERY. IZt
limbered to the rear, and, after executing the about,
command: Forward — Guide left. The half- battery
advances, and the caissons preserve their distance in
battery.
As soon as the right half-batter}' reaches the new
position, previously indicated by the captain, its chief
places it in battery by the commands Halt — Action-
front; or, In batteuv — March; the two last com-
mands being given in quick succession. The caissons
halt at these commands, and, as soon as the pieces
are uidimbered, the iiring is renewed by command
from the chief of half-battery.
The fire of the left half- battery is continued during
the movement of the right, care being taken to direct
the pieces so that their tire shall not injure the half-
battery in advance.
As soon as the right half-battery commences firing
the left moves forward with the guide U) the right;
and, after passing the rigbt half-battery as far as the
latter has advanced, is formed into batter}- and the
firing commenced. The n^ovements of the left half-
battery are effected by commands and means cor-
responding to those of the right.
The riirht half-battery again advances as soon as
the left commences firing, and the two continue to
advance alternately until the captain causes the firing
to cease. Tlxe batter}^ is then aligned, or formed into
line to the front or rear, by the proper commands
from the capttiin.
While advancing by half-battery, the captain places
himself habitually with the most advanced portibn of
the battery; and in six-gun batteries is accompanied
by the chief of the centre section. The chief of the
line of caissons remains habitually with the rear half-
battery.
128 SCHOOL OF THK IJATTEllY.
To lire udvancing by luilf-battery, commencing with
the left, is executed according to the same principles,
and by inverse means.
The movement may also be executed by section ;
the sections advancing in succession according to their
positions in the battery.
To FlIlE IN Er.TREAT.
AVhen the battery is firing, to retire by half-bat-
teries, the captain commands :
1. Fire retiring by lialf-battenj. 2. Riglit half-battery.
3. Eetire.
At the second command the chief of the right half-
battery discontinues firing, limbers to the rear, and
commands : Caissons, left about — March. As soon as
the about is completed, he commands : Forward —
Guide right, jind conducts the half- battery to the
ground previously indicated by the captain; the
pieces preserving their distance in battery by march-
ing nineteen j^ards in rear- of the caissons. As soon
as the ground has been reached, the chief of half-
battery commands: Halt — Fire to the rear— ^In bat-
tery, and commences firing; taking care not to injure
the other half- battery. The limbers and caissons
remain. facing toward the rear as long as the firing in
retreat continues.
As soon as the right half- battery commences firing
the left retires with the guide to the Mft; and, after
passing the right half-batterj'' as far as the latter has
retired, it is formed into battery, and the firing again
commenced. The movements are executed in a man-
ner corresponding to those of the other half-battery.
The half- batteries continue to retire alternately
SCHOOL OP THE BATTERY. 129
until the captain causes the firing to cease. The bat-
tery is afterward aligned, or formed iiito line to the
front or rear, by ap]:>ropriate commands from the
captain.
While retiring by half-battery the captain remains
habitually with the ])ortion of the battery nearest the
enemy, and is accompanied by the chief of the centre
section. The chief of the line of caissons accom-
jmnies the other half-battery.
To fire retiring by half-battery, commencing with
the left, is executed according to tlie same principles,
and by invei'se means.
The movement may also be executed by sections ;
the sections retiring in succession, according to their
positions in the battery.
Movements for Firing in Echelon.
When the battery is in line at a halt, with pieces in
front, to advance in echelon of pieces, the captain
commands :
1. By 'piece from the right— front into echelon. 2. March.
Figure 69. At the last command the right piece
moves forward, followed by its caisson. The next
piece moves forward in like manner as soon as its
leaders are abreast the wheel-horses of the rear car-
riage on the right; and the other pieces co^nmence
the movement in succession according to tlie sanio
rule. ,
The officers preserve the same relative positions as
in line.
When the battery is marching in line, at a walk
or trot, the echelon is formed according to the same
principles, and by the same commands; the gaits
13Q SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
being regulated as in breaking sections. The battery
advances in echelon of pieces from the left according
to the same principles, and by inverse means.
When the caissons are in front, the battery ad-
vances in echelon of pieces from the right or left
according to the same principles, and by the same
commands.
When the battery is in echelon, inarching or at a
halt, it may be formed into battery to the front, rear,
right, or left.
When firing in echelon to the front or rear, the
direction of the fire may be changed to the right or
left. For this purpose the captain orders the firing
to cease, and commands: Action right (or left).
At thivS command the trails of the ])ieces are turned
to the left (or right), and the limbers and caissons
take their places in rear of the pieces. But if retir-
ing with the prolonge fixed, the caissons stand fast,
and the limbers back to allow the trails to be turned
in the proper direction. The prolonge must be suffi-
ciently slack to allow the recoil of the guns. This
last method is only applicable to firing to the right
when retiring b}' the right, and to the left when
retiring b}' the left.
l^EING IN ECHELO^V, TO FoHM LiNE.
The l^tttery being in echelon at a halt, to form it
into line, the captain commands :
1, On the right (or left) piece— fonoard into line.
2. March.
The commands are repeated by the chiefs of sec-
tions. Each piece moves forward and establishes
itself on the line, dressing on the piece indicated.
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 131
4, If the btittery is in march, to form the line without
halting, the commands are :
1. Form, line advancing , on right (or left) piece — trot.
2. March.
The pieces to the rear move forward at the in-
creased gait, and take tl)eir positions in line.
If the battery is in echelon and firing, to form it in
the order in battery, continuing the fire, the captain
causes the pieces behind the line on which the forma-
tion is to be made to cease their fire, and commands:
1. 0?i the right (or left) piece — fonoard into battery.
2. March.
At the first command the chief of the ri^rht section
places his left piece on the line, the riglit continuing
its fire. The chiefs of the other sections cause them
to be limbered to the front, and at the command
March, which they repeat, move them forward, and
establish them in battery on a line with the right
section.
To Fire to the Rear.
When the battery is firing, to fire in the opposite
direction, the captain causes the firing to cease, and
commands :
1. Fire to the rear. 2. Limbers and caissons, pass your
pieces — trot. ?>. March.
Figure 70. These commands are repeated by the
chiefs of sections. At the command March, the
pieces are wheeled about by turning the trails to the
left J and the limbers and caissons oblique to the
right, pass them, and take their places in battery b}''
a left reverse.
182 SCHOOL OF THE liATTEllY.
When the pieces can not be wheelod about by hand,
the captain commands :
1. Fire to the rear. 2. Limber to the rear. 3. Cais-
sons, pass your jjienes — trot — March. 4, Pieces, left
about — March. 5. In battery.
Article YIl.
changes of front in battery.
Change of Front to Fire to the Right, Left Wing
Forward, and the Ke verse.
AVben the battery is fii'ino-, if tlic captain wishes to
make a perpendicuhir change of front, to lire to the
right, throwing forward the left wing, he discontinnes
tiring, and commands :
1. Fire to the right. 2. Change front forward on the
right piece, o. March.
Figure 7L At the second command the chief of
the right section places the right piece inthe new
direction, by causing the trail to be moved to the left.
He also causes the left piece of his section to be
moved forward by hand, and established on the new
line. When the ground' is unmasked, the limbers and
caissons of these pieces oblique to the left, move for-
ward, and take their places in batter}' by wheeling to
the right; the caissons aligning themselves by the
•<ihief of the line of caissons established pn the right.
The other chiefs of sections cause their pieces tQ
be limbered by the command Limber to the front;
the caissons closing upon the pieces while they are
SCHOOL OF THE BATTER5f: 133
limbering. As soon as they are limbered, the chiefs
of sections command : Forward.
At tlic second command the chief of the lino of
caissons places himself on the left of the right piece
of the centre section, facing to the front, to mark the
right of the new line of caissons.
At the command March, repeated by the chiefs of
the centre and left sections, these sections move to the
li'ont; and, when each has arrived opposite its place
on tlie new line, its chief commands: (Section — right
icheel — March — Forward; and afterward, In butterif
— March, so as to form upon the alignment of tlic
right section. When the caisson of the right piece of
the centre section reaches the point where its piece
wheeled, it wheels to the left, takes its distance in
rear, wheels about, and dresses to tiie right upon the
line of caissons.
The othei- caisson of the same section obliques to
the left when its piece commences the wheel ; and,
after gaining its distance^ establishes itself on the line
by wheeling and dressing to the right.
When the pieces are too heavy to be moved or
wheeled about by hand, the chiefs of sections cause
them to be limbered, with the exception of the right
piece, by the command Limber to the rear. The
chief of the right section then commands : Piece, left
about — caisscifi, forward; and the chiefs of the other
sections: Pieces, left about — caissons, forward. At the
command March, repeated by the chiefs of sections,
the pieces are wheeled about and directed to the front
by the command Forward from the chiefs of sec-
tions. The left piece of the right section is estab-
lished on the line b}' the commands Right wheel —
March — Forward — In battery — March from the
134 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
chief of the section. The caisson wheels to the left
when it reaches the point where its piece wheeled to
the right; and, after taking its distance, Avheels about
and dresses to the right upon the chief of the line of
caissons. The other sections are established upon the
line as already described.
The pivot piece commences firing again as soon as
it is in position, and the others as they arrive on the
line.
The change of front to fire to the left, right wing
forward, is executed according to the same principles,
and by inverse means.
Change of Front to Fire to the Left, Left Wing
Forward, and the Keverse.
When the battery is firing, if the captain wishes to
make a perpendicular change of front to fire to the
left, throwing forward the left wing, he discontinues
firing, and commands:
1. Fire to the left. 2. Change front forward on the right
piece. 4. March.
At the second command the chief of the right sec-
tion causes the right piece to be placed in the new
direction at once, b}^ moving the trail to the right;
and the limber and caisson of that piece will oblique
to the right, and take their places in its rear by
wheeling to the left j the caisson dressing upon the
chief of the line of caissons. He also causes his left
piece to be moved to its place and established on the
line by hand ) the limber of this piece, passing it on
the right, takes its place by wheeling to the left, its
caisson obliques to the right, passes on the right, and
in rear of the right caisson, and takes its place also
by wheeling to the left.
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 135
The chiefs of the otlier sections cause them to be
limbered to the front; and while limbering they com-
mand: Caissons, pass your pieces — trot — March. When
this is executed, the chief of the centre section com-
mands: Section — right ivheel, and that of the left:
Forward.
At the command March, repeated by the chiefs of
the centre and left sections, these sections move as
ordered, with the caissons leading. The centre sec-
tion is conducted to the line by its chief, and formed
by the commands Forward and In battery. The
left section advances five yards, and is conducted to
the line by two successive right half-wlieels. It is
there formed in like manner upon the alignment of
the right section.
At the second command from the captain, the chief
of the line of caissons places himself in prolongation
of the line, thirty-two yards on the right of the right
piece, and faces to the front to mark the left of the
new line of caissons.
When the pieces are too heavy to bcf wheeled about
or moved by hand, the chiefs of sections cause them
to be limbered to the rear, with the exception of the
right piece. AVhilc the pieces are limbering, the chiefs
of the centre and left sections cause the caissons to
pass as before; and all the chiefs of sections give the
cautionary command for their pieces to wheel about.
At the command March, repeated by the chiefs of
sections, the pieces are wheeled about, and the sec-
tions conducted to the new line by the appropriate
commands. The caisson of the left piece of the right
section takes its place in the same manner as when its
piece is moved by hand.
The pivot piece recommences firing as soon as it is
136 SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY.
unmasked J and the others when they arrive on the
line.
rv
The change of front to fire to the right, right wing
forward, is executed according to the sainc principles,
aiul by inverse means.
Change of Front to Fire to the Left, Left AYing.
TO THE JtEAR, AND THE KeVERSE.
Wlien the battery is firing, if the captain wishes to
make a ]>erpendicular change of front to fire to the
left, throwing the left wing to the rear, he causes the
firing to cease, and commands :
L Fire to the left. 2. Change front to the rear on the
right piece. 8. March.
At the second command the chief of the right sec-
tion places the right piece in the new direction, by
causino; the trail to be moved to the rio-ht. He also
causes the left piece of his section to be moved to the
rear by hand ^nd established on the new line. The
limbers and caissons of these pieces move at once to
the right, obliquing sufficiently to place themselves in
rear of their respective pieces, and take their places
by wheeling or reversing to the left.
The other chiefs of sections command: Limber to
the rear; and immediately afterward : Caissons, in front
of your pieces — t?'ot — March. The caissons place
themselves in front of their pieces while they are
limbering,^ and halt. The chief of the centre section
then commands: Section — left wheel; that of the left
section : Section — forioard.
The chief of the line of caissons places himself in
the prolongation of the line thirty-two yards on thie
imm^m^y.-rnf-.fmM^'K-^mmrm ■ %^
SCHOOL OF THK BATTERY. 137
right piece, and faces to the rear to ini'.rk the right of
the new line of caissons.
At the command March, given b}- tlie captain, and
repeated by the chiefs of the centre and left sections,
those sections are put in motion and phiced in battery
on the line, the chief of the left section wheeling it
to the left when it is opposite its position.
"When the pieces are too heavy to be moved by
hand, the chief of the right section causes his left
piece to be limbered to the rear with the rest, and
then commands: Jyfff wheel. At the command March,
repeated by this chief, the piece wheels to the left,
and is conducted by him to its place by the commands
Forward — Ln battery. The caisson takes its place
as before described.
The pivot piece recommences firing as soon as it is
unmasked; and the others when they arrive on the
line.
The change of front to fire to the right, right wing-
to the rear, is executed according to the same princi-
ples, and by inverse means.
Cha.ngk of Front to Firk to thk Right, Left Win(4
TO the Keak, and the Keverse.
Figure 72. When the battery is firing, it' the cap-
tain wishes to make a perpendicular change of front
to fire to the right, throwing the left wing to the rear,
he discontinues firing, and commands :
1. Fire to the right. 2. Chaiuje front to the rear on the
right piece. 3. March.
At the second command the chief of the right sec-
tion commands: Limbers, and caissions, in rear of your
pieces — trot — March. The limbers and caissons
12
138 SCHOOL OF thk rattf.ry.
oblique to the ri^ht, and pass their pieces, with the
limbers leading. As soon as the limbers have passed,
they wheel twice to the left and cover their pieces.
The caissons pass their limbers and cover them in like
manner. The chief of the section causes the trail of
his rii^ht piece to be moved to the left, and his left
piece to be placed upon the new alignment by hand.
The chiels of the other sections command : Limber
TO THK RKAR, and Caissous, in rear to your pieces — trot
— -March. "When this is executed, they command :
Forward.
At the second command the chief of the line of
caissons places himself on the left of the right piece
of the centre section, facing to the rear, to mark the
left of the new line of caissons.
At the command March, from the captain, repeated
by the chiefs of the centre and li'i't sections, those
sections, as well as the limbers and caissons of the
first, are established upon the new line.
When the piece can not be moved by hand, the
chief of the right section causes his left piece to be
limbered like the rest; and then causes the remaining
limber and the caissons to pass as before described.
When the piece is limbered, he commands: Jjcft wheel.
At the command March, from the captain, repeated
by the chiefs of sections, the piece is wheeled and
conducted to its place on the line.
The pivot piece recommences firing as soon as it is
placed in tlie new direction ; and the others as they
arrive on the line.
The change of front to fire to the left, right wing
to the rear, is executed according to the same prin-
cipjes, and by inverse means.
SCHOOL OF THK* RATTERV. 139
To Pass a Df.fu.k in Front.
When the buttory is firing, to pass a defile in front
of tlic rin:ht section, the captain commands:
1. To thr front — by the right section — pax^i the defile.
2. March.
At the first eonnnand the chief of tlic right section
^discontinues firing, limbers his piece to tiie front, and
commands: Forward. At the command March, re-
peated by this chief, who also commands Guide left,
the section moves forward, passes the defile, and is
again estaldished in battery, and the firing com-
menced by his command.
When the pieces are too heavy to be wlieeled about
by hand, the chief of the section causes them to be
limbered to the rear, wheeled about, and the caissons
closed, before giving the command Forward.
As soon as the right section commences firing, the
centre is put in motion in like manner. Its chief
conducts it through the defile by successive wheels,
and forms it into battery in line with the first.
As soon as the C(;ntre section commences tiring, the
left ])asses in like manner.
AVhile one section is passing the defile, the others
e(^ntinue firing: care being taken not to injure tlu»
section in advance.
When the defile is in front of the left section, it is
passed accoi'ding to the same ])rinciples, commencing
with that section.
When the defile is in front of the centre section, it
is passed according to the same principles, commenc-
ing with that section, and by the commands: To tin:
front — by the centre neetion — pas.s the defile — March.
14U SCIIOUli or Tllfc RATTERV.
Unless there is fiomc reason to the contrary, the right
section will pass l)ofbre the lett.
When the flank or oblique mareh is better suited to
the nature of the ground, the chiefs of sections will
give the required commands.
When the defile will admit but one piece at a time,
the sections arc broken by their chiefs in such a man-
ner as to cause the nearest piece to enter first. The
flections are reformed by their chiefs immediately
after passing the detlle.
To Pass a J)kfilk in Rear.
When the battery Is firing, to pass a defile in rear
of the centi'e section, the captain commands :
(. To the rear-^bif the right seetioi) — pass the dejjle.
2. March.
At the first command the chief of the right section
discontinues firing, the limbers to the rear, and com-
mands: CaissojiS, left about — pieces, forward. At the
command March, repeated by the chief of the right
section, the caissons of that section execute the about,
and the pieces close to their ])roper distance at a trot.
As soon as the about is completed, the chief com-
hiands: Forwarh — (rKide left, conducts the suction
througii Tiie delilc by successive \\heels, and forms^it
into batteiy in ivar of its tirst ])(>sition.
The left section is ])iit in motion as soon as the
right eominences tiring, ft is conducted through the
deiile by its chief, and formed into battery in rear of
its first position, by ihe ])rinciples already described.
The centre section moves as soon as the left com-
mences tiring. It is formed into battery in rear of its
first j>osition, nnd in lino -Nvitli the other two sectionb.
,, SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 14t
The passage of the defile may be executed, com-
mencing with the left section, according to the same
principles, and by inverse means.
When the defile is in rear of one of the flanks, the
movement should commence with the other. It should
always end by passing the section or piece covering
the defile.
When the detiie will admit but one piece at a time,
the sections are broken by tlieir chiefs in such a man-
ner as to cause the piece farthest from the defile to
enter first; and the sections are again formed as soon
as possible after leaving the defile.
Parade tor Review and Inspection.
The battery being in line, with the pieces in front ;
the first sergeant /'?i*o yards from the right; the bugler
and guidon in one rank, 5Lr yards on his right; the
quartermaster-sergeant two yards from the left; the
artificers in one rank, si;r yards on his left; all dressed
on the lead-drivers of pieces; the captain commands:
1. Attention. 2. Prepare /or review, o. Action front.
4. Right Dress. 5. Front.
At the third command the battery is formed as
directed; the chiefs of sections take their places in
the centres of the sections, three yards in Iront of the
line of muzzles; and the chiefs of pieces, without dis-
mounting, take their places at their posts, i/i battery.
The non-commissioned staff, buglers, guidon, and-Jirtifi-
cers reverse wMth their limbers, and take their places,
in the order already directed, on a line with the lead-
drivers; the cannoneers are at their posts.
At the fourth command the battery is aligned — the
chiefs of the sections, the pieces, and the limbers by
142 SCHOOL OF THE RATT-KRY.
the captain ; and the caissons by the chief of the line
of caissons.
At tlio fifth command, given by the captain wlien
the alignment is completed, the chief of the line of
caissons takes this position in battery. The captain
then commands:
Drair, — sabrp:s.
This is executed by the staff sergeants, chiefs of
pieces, and artificers only; and the captain takes post
twelve yards in front of the centre of the batteiy
(eight yards,, if there are two or more batteries in line),
faces to the front, and awaits the approach of the re-
viewing officer.
When the reviewing officer is niidway between the
camp-color and the captain, the latter reverses to the
right, and commands :
Present — sabrks.
He immediately resumes his front and salutes, as
do all whose sabres are drawn ; and the music plays
according to the rank of the reviewing officer.
The reviewing officer having halted, and acknowl-
edged the salute, the captain brings his sword to a
carry, reverses as before, and commands :
Carry — sabres.
He immediate!}' resumes his front; the reviewing
officer turns off to the right of the battery, passes
along its frojit, and returns to the right b}'' passing-
bet ween the lines of carriages, or in rear of the
caisson.
While the reviewing officer is passing around the
battery, the music plays. It ceases when he turns off
to take his post at the camp-color.
'^''' SOirOOL OF THE BATTERY. 143
When lljo music ceases, the captain faces the bat-
tery, and commands :
Ltmbkr to the Front,
and all assume their places in line.
The reviewing officer having taken a position near
the camp-color, the captain causes the cannoneers to
mount, and breaks the battery into cohimn of sections
to the right by the usual commands.
He then commands :
Pa-'iS in Review,
and puts the column in march, at a walk, with the
guide to the right.
The captain then places himself at the head of the
column, Jour j-ards in advance of the chief of the
leading section; the trumpeters or buglers march
four yards in advance of the captain ; the chief of the
line of cais.sons outside the column, opposite the
centre, axiiX four yards ivowx the left flank; the first
sergeant and quartermaster-sergeant outside the col-
umn, /bnr yards from the left flank, the former abreas-t
the lead -drivers of the leading section, the latter
abreast the lead-drivers of the rear section ; the artifi-
cers in one rank, four yards in rear of the cohimn ;
the guidon at the side of the chief of the directino-
piece.
When the head of the column has arrived within
forty yards of the reviewing officer the music begins
to play, and as soon as the latter has ])assed it wheels
out of the column to a position in front of the i-evicM'-
ing officer, where it faces him, and continues to play
until the column has passed. It then ceases, follows
in rear of the battery, and resumes its place at the
head of the column after the next change of direction.
144 .SCHOOL or thk battery. i^
All the officers isalute in succession as, they arrive
within six yards of the reviewing officer, casting their
eyes toward him at the same time, and bringing their
sabres to a carry after having passed him s/a; yards.
As soon as the captain has saluted, he places himself
on the left of the reviewing officer, passing by his
rear, remains until the battery has passed, and then
rejoins it, again passing by the rear.
The column is so conducted as to march parallel to
the line on which the battery is to form, and far
enouirh in its rear to enable the column to wheel into
line. It is then wheeled into line, formed in battery,
and the review^ terminated by a salute as at the begin-
ning.
When instructions have been previously given to
pass a second time, either at a trot or gallop, it will
be done before wheeling into line, the officers passing
the second time without saluting.
At the command Close order, instead of limbering
to the front, the captain commands :
1'. Limber to the euont. 2. Pieces, left about — Caisso7is,
forward. 3. March. 4. Battery — Halt.
These commands are executed, and the pieces halt
with their lead-drivers on a line with the other troops.
After passing in review, and reaching the ground
on whiclx it is to form, the battery may be wheeled by
section to the right, and, after gaining the necessary
distance to the rear, countermarched, and established
on the line.
When a battery is to march past in line or in column
of half-batteries, it will be done according to the prin-
ciples already described. In line, the officers, etc.,
will bo at their usual posts, hi column of half-batteries,
SCHOOL OF THE BATTERY. 145
the captain will be two yards in advance of the cliiet
of the leading half-battery; each chief of half-battery
two yards in front of the centre of his command; the
chief of the centre section on the left of the leading
half-battery, /owr yards from its centre, and the chief
of the line of caissons in the same position with re-
spect to the rear half-battery.
In eight-gun batteries, when the column is formed
by half- battery, the chiefs of sections who do not
command half- batteries retain their places in their
sections.
The buglers arc four yards in front of the captain.
The first sergeant and quartermaster-sergeant are out-
side the column of hall-batteries, /owr yards from the
left flank, the former abreast the lead-driver of the
leading, the latter abreast the lead-driver of the rear
half-battery, the artificers in one rank, four yards in
rear of the column, the guidon at the side of the chief
of the directing piece.
Officers' Salute with the Sabre.
When the officers arc to salute, whether on horse-
back or on foot, at a halt or in march, they execute it
in four motions :
1st. At six yards from the person to be saluted,
raise the sabre perpendicularly, the point upward,
edge to the left, the hand opposite to and one foot
from the right shoulder, the wrist six inches from the
body.
2d. Lower the blade, extending the arm to its full
length, the hand in quarts, until the point of the sabre
is near the foot.
3d. Eaise the sabre quickly, the point upwdrd as in
13
/
14C scuooL or rn>; uattkuy.
the !irst motion, nt'ter ihe person saluted is pussed
fcfur vards.
4tb. Bi-ing the .subi-c to c:irrv.
Inspection.
The battorieK oi' Held artillery will alwaj's, for
infjpeetion. bo formed either in line or in battery.
The knapfsacks of the cannoneers are strapped on
the foot-boards of the ammunition-ehests. IJ' the in-
spector winhtis to examine the clothing of the men on
the field, the knapsacks and valises will be unstrapped,
laid at the feet of the men, and opened, the drivers
being dismounted for the purpose.
THi: COMPANY DISMOUNT KI). i-i'
P A H T T n I R T> .
TIIK COMPANY OISMOUNTRI).
Formation or tue Company.
Figure 73. Id tlio iirtillery. as no two inovi of a
piece, cannoneers or drivers, perform the sjinie duties,
each should be specially assigned to that position for
which he is best fitted.
The men, whether cannoneers or drivers, are per-
manently attached to the pieces, and will not bo
transJerred except by order oi^ the captain, or tem-
porarily to equalize detachments on drill or parade.
The cannoneers assigned to tlie seiwice of a irun
constitute a gim detacJtincnt, and are commanded by
the gunner. When the company is paraded, di»-.
mounted, these detachments fall in each on the right
of the men of its piece — the cannoneers taking their
places according to their numbers in the detachment.
When the cannoneers and drivers attached to a
piece are assembled in rank and file formation, they
constitute a j9^a(foo?(!, which is commanded by the ser-
geant, who is chief of the piece. The drivers form on
the left, and the platoon is divided into detachments
of the same size as the gun detachment, the men
being numbered in the same mannoi*.
Two platoons constitute a section^ which is com-
manded by a lieutenant.
The Mmpany is composed of two, three, or io\xr
148 THE COMPANY DISMOUNTED.
sections. The instruction laid down is applicable in
cither case, but is given for three sections. When
there are four sections, the compan}^ is further divided
ill to divisions, each composed of two sections, and
commanded by its ranking chief of section. The
company will not be mancBuvred by divisons unless
circumstances require it, the section or platoon being
the most convenient subdivision for manoeuvring.
The company is commanded by a captain. A sub-
altern, in addition to the chiefs of sections, is attached
to it. He performs the staff duties of the battery,
and commands the line of caissons in the battery
formations. In addition to the platoons, there should
be attached to the company one sergeant-major or first
sergeant ; one quartermaster-sergeant; two buglers or
trumpeters; one guidon; and such number of artificers
as the service of the battery ma}'' require. In the
absence of the lieutenant, chief of the line of Cais-
sons, he is i-eplaced by the first sergeant.
The platoons form when in line in the order of
■tTieir pieces in park, and touching each other.
The two forming a section are designated as the
right anrl left platoons, according to their actual
positions with reference to each other in the sections.
When necessary, surplus men may be transferred
from one platoon to another, so that there shall be
but one incomplete detachment in the company, which
should not be on the flank. When an incomplete
detachment consists of an odd number of men, the
vacancy is left in the rear rank, in the next file but
one from the left, that number being omitted in call-
ing off.
To prevent the formation of incomplete detach-
ments, artificers may he assigned as No. 8; or the
THE COMPANY DISMOUNTED. 149
permanent chiefs of caissons may be assigned as gun-
ners to detachments other tlian the gun detaclimei't,
and posted one yard behind the right files.
When the company is formed for parade purposes,
and it is not desired to manoeuvre b}" detachmenis,
the platoons wiixy be equalized, and regarded as the
units. The}" are then formed as single detachments,
the chiefs of the caissons being posted as the front
rank men of the left files of the platoons. The men
call off' from No. 1 to No. 8, as if divided into dC'
taclnnents of eight men each.
The sections are designated according to their ac-
tual positions in line, as the rlgkt, the centre, and the
Left sections. If: there are four, they are designated
according to actual position, as the right, the riglit-
centre, the left-centre, and the left sections.
When the company consists of four sections, the
right and right-centre sections constitute the right
division ; the left and left-centre sections, the left
division.
None of the designations of the platoons in a sec-
tion, nor of sections and divisions in the company,
are permanent. They shift from one to the other,
according to the actual positions of the subdivisione
with reference to each other.
Posts of the Officers, Non-Com missioned Officers.
ETC.
Figures 73 and 74. The captain commanding goes
wherever his presence may be necessary or his com-
mands best heard. His position is, in the order in line,
four yards in front of the eenti-e of the company; in
the order in column, or when faced by a flank, four
3*ards outside tlie msirchin^ rinnk. opposite the centre
of tlie company.
The lieutenants commandino; sections, in line or ?n
column of sections, are two yard^ in front of the centres
of tlieir respective sectir)nH; in columns of platoons or
of detachments, or when faced by a fiank^ they are txoo
yards outside the n\arching flank, and opposite the
centres of their respective secrtions ; cxi-ept that, Avhen
faced by a Jiank, the cliief of the lendinpj section takes
his phice at tlie side of the leading file.
In cohimn of divisions, the ranking chief of section
in each division mfour yards in front of the centre
of his division; the other chief of section keeps his
position of two yards in front of the centre of his
section.
The lieutenant, chief of caissons, is, in line, four
yards hehind the centre of the company; in column, or
jac^xl by a fiank, he is four yards outside of the pivot
flank, and opposite the centre of the company.
The sergeants, chiefs of pieces, when in line, in col-
umn of sections, or faced by a flank, are on the right of
the gun detachments of their respective ]-)latoons, in
the front rank. In column of platoons, or of detach-
ments, they are one yard in front of the centre of their
platoons or of their gun detachments.
The corporals, gunners, when in line, or column of
sections, are one yard behind the right flies of their
respective gun detachments. In columns of platoons,
or detachments, they are on the right of the gun de-
tachments. When the column has a detachment,
other than the gun detachment, at its head, the gun-
ner of the platoon to which it belongs will place
himself one vard in front of its centre, unless the
chief of caisson of that piece is acting uk its tile-
closer; in which case the iutter leadH the cohimn.
When faced by a flank, they face with the company,
and keep their rehitive positions.
Tlie corporals, chiefs of caissons, are in their places
in (he i-anks as Nor. 8 of the gun detachments, or as
the front rank men on tlie left of their platoons, or
they may be assigned as gunners to detachments,
other than the gun detachments, in the case already
})rovided for, to prevent the formation of incomplete
detachments.
The first sergeant, in line, is on the right, of the
company, in a line with the front rank, and o?if yard
Irom it; in column, he is on the marching flank, one
yard outside the section, or other subdivision, nearest
to him when in line. When faced by a flanks he faces
with the company.
The quartermaster-sergeant occupies positions on
the left of the company, cori*esponding to those of the
tirst sergeant on the right, whether in line, in cohinm,
or faced by a flank.
The buglers or trumpeters, in line, are on the right
of the first sergeant, in one rank, and two vards from
})im ; in colunm, they arc nix yards in front or rear of
the subdivision next them in line, according as th.ut
subdivision forms tlu? Iiead or rear of the column.
When the company taces by flank they face with it.
The artificers occupy positions on the leil of th'»
company corresponding to those of the musicians on
the right, whether in line, in column, or faced by a
flank.
The guidon tbrms with the musicians, and on their
left, or tukes such position a>» the captain may pre-
'^(.•ribe.
162 Tftfe COMPANY DISMOUNTED.
When, in the movements or manoeuvres, the sub-
divisions originally on the right and left become thosa
of the left and right, the non-commissioned staff,
musicians, and artificers remain with the subdivisions
near which they were originally" formed, and take
forrosponding positions in line, etc.
.■■it.t»'.t: : ..V .>^j"6iitM2^fi!tri'.:v'
■''*'
APPENDIX
War Organization of a Mounted Battery of Four
AND Six Guns.
Captains
Lieutenants. • .
Staff Sergeants
Sergeants..
Corporals..
Guidons. . .
Artificers . .
Buglers . . .
Drivers. . . .
Cannoneers
Spare
Total.
4 PfKC
KS.
6 Pieces.
n
CO
CO
K
tn
f.
ei
ii
a
w
o
o
o
S
a
o
S
*
]
..
..
1
3
■'
••
4
••
••
••
2
2
••
2
2
4
. 4
6
6
! ..
8
, ,
12
. ,
]
1
1
1
•:::-4
4
*6
6
2
2
2
2
1 . .
40
60
52
84
1 ..
40
70
••
8
10
1 4
1
101
81
5
151
1
111
. . Chiefs of Sections and Cais-
sons.
Sergeant-Major, or 1st Serg't
and Quartermaster-Serg't.
Chiefs of Pieces.
Gunners and Chiefs of Cais-
sons.
By order Adjfc. and Inspect.«ir-
Gen'l, No.81 (Nov. 1, 1862j,
the number of privates is
from 65 to 125 — the number
of enlisted men should be
not lesn than 25 to each gun,
i. e., 100 for a four-gun, and
150 for a six-gun battery.
•^=By order Adjutant and Inspector-General, No.81 (Noveinber 1, 1862). only 2
artificers for any battery allowed — entirely insufficient.
Number and Application of Horses required for a
Mounted Battery of Four and Six Guns.
{Battery of Manoeuvre .
Forge
Battery Wagon
Spare additional, 1-12
Sergeants'
Artificers'
Buglers'
Guidon's ^ .. . ,
Spare
Total
4 Pieces.
6 PjECES.
48
72
6
6
6
6
5
7
6
8
4*
6*
2
2
1
1
3
•3
81
111
*Only 2 artificers at preseut allowed by order No. 81, Adjutant and luspector-
Oeucral.
Description of Artillery Hoksks, ami How to
Preserve them.
They should be well {jroken, perfectly sound, with
full chetits, broad shoulders, short coupled with ful}
barrels, able to move by their weight on the collar
say i'roni one thousand thirteen hundred pounds, deep
loins, full hind quarters — in other words, active, pony-
built, eonijiact horses, not less than five, nor raore
than ten years old, and from fifteen and a half to six-
teen hands hig'h. Xarrow chested, long legged, long
bodied, and vicious horses are unlit for artillery pur-
poses. They should not bo required to pull mor^^
than seven hundred pounds to the horse.
The i'vQe use of the wisj), brush, and (nirry-combv
regularly applied, twice daily, for at least thirty
minutes, will, with even a short allowance of food, drv
more toward keeping a horse in good order than lull
feeding without. A folded blanket, or « moss blanket,
adapting itself to the shape of the saddle and con-
dition of the horse, is the best preventive of sore
backs. When wiinn, they should not be watered
until rubbed drv, and from buckets ratboi* than from
a. stream, and uevor from a well, without allowing
the water to stand, and then give a few swallows at a
lime, li! it can be had, give a cpiart of meal with a
little salt to the bucket of water.
The folio wiiig directions hh to gix>oniing, taker*
irom a w<;i'k by a Board of United States ai-tillerv
olHcers, have been found to be full and complele :
" The wisp is to be used Avhea the horse comes in
warm from exercise, and the h.oi*se is rubbed until
x\vy, from his bind quarters, against the hair, up to
1h3 head.
APPENDIX. Vlii
"The curry-comb is used wlnni the horse is dry,
beginning tilwa^'S on the near side at the hind quar-
ters, its application being in proportion to the length
and foulness oi' the coat; that is, if the coat is close,
being full of dust, and very filthy, use it freely to
loosen the coat or the sweat that is dried fast on the
skin and roots of the hair, appearing like a white,
saltish dust. In the spring the curry-comb should,
while the coat is changing, be used judiciously, as a
removal of the hair too rapidly exposes the horse to
the sudden changes of temperature. Proceeding from
the hind quarters, descend to the quarters, minding
not to scratch or injure the horse. The legs below
the houghs arc not to bo touched with the curry-
comb, unless the dirt is matted on the joints of the
hough, which mfty be carefully loosened with the
curry-comb. The comb works unpleasantly on that
part, and must be handled lightly, ^ext proceed to
the fetlocks, back, loins, Hank, belly, shoulders, arms,
chest, and neck, on^itting no part that the curiy-comb
can be conveniently applied to; but tender places,
thin of hair, or rubbed by the harness, need not bo
touched; they should he rubbed with the wisp; ob-
serve, therefore, to begin with the curry-comb on the
near hind quarters and finish with th(^ head, keeping
the conib in the right hand. After currying the near
side, proceed with the opposite side; here use the left
hand; this done, wisp off those places not touched by
the curry-comb; then use the brush. Begin first at
the head on the near side, taking the brush in the left
hand and the curry-comb in the right, brushing more
particularly those parts where the dust is more apt to
lodge, proceed down the neck; the scui'f of the neck,
next the head, and the scrag next the mane are ditii-*
156 APPENDIX.
cult to clean. Appl}^ the brush backward and forward
on these places, finishing by leaving the coat smooth,
<ilear the brush from dust after every two or three
.strokes with the eurrj^-comb; proceed in the reverse
order used by the curry-comb, taking in those parts
not touched by the curr^^-comb, viz : under the chest
between the forelegs, the inside of the elbow or arm,
and the parts about the fetlocks — the skin under the
flank and the hind quarters must be free from dust,
soft, and so clean as not to soil a white cloth. The
curry-comb begins at the hind quarters and ends at
the head.
" The brush begins at the head, and, taking in all
parts of the horse, ends at the quarters. Horses
should alwaj^'s be groomed at the picket-rope, unless
in very stormy weather. After ^'ooming, the chief
of each piece inspects his horses, exacting that the
rules relating to grooming shall have been obeyed — if
passed by the sergeant, then the horses of each piece
to be led up successively to the battery officer of tl)e
da}" for inspection. Any horse not passed by him
should be taken back to the picket -rope, and the
driver made to groom him double the usual time in
the presence of the sergeant of the piece. A chest
of boxes of thin, light wood may be carried strapped
on the foot-boards,"
Further directions for the care and preservation
of horses will be found in the standing orders to
Andrews' Artillery Battalion.
Great care should be given to the fitting of collars
and saddles. A pad or piece of sheepskin shoald be
used near the spot rubbed. By using a folded blanket,
or moss blanket, and by proper riding, sore backs
tihould be a rare occurrence. By a solution of alum-
APPENDIX. 157
vratcr, the nocks and backs may be rendered tough.
Jlelieving them from work, castile soap and wet clotlis,
with cold water, will soon effect a cure if prompt at-
tention be given in the beginning. Collars should be
kept soft and supple by cleaning, oiling, airing, and
beating them. Neatsfoot oil is decidedly the best ;
melted lard when neatsfoot oil can not be had.
]n8 APrKNDix.
Head-quarter8, Andrews' Battalion Artillery,
Milford Station, March 31, 1863.
Standin^f Orders to be rigidly enforced by company
oliicers of batteries, wlio will hv hold j-esponsiblo
by their battalion commander.
it'o// Calls — Beve'dlt. — lievcille will be blown, until
further orders, at a quarter before six, and roll
called at six precisely; commissioned officers and
all enlisted men are required to be present, save
the following: The battery officer of Vie day (who
must visit the guai'd at least once between mid-
night and daylight, and not divest himself of his
clothing), and those on guard during the night.
Sick Calls will be blown at half-past seven o'clock, at
battalion head-quarters; at eight o'clock, the first
sergeant will be present at head-quarters with
men able to attend, with a list signed by officer
in command of company, and by himself, of all
persons absent from calls of preceding day and
reveille call.
Retreat will be blown at a quarter before six, and roll
called at six o'clock — at least one commissioned
officer and all enlisted men are required to be
present.
Taps will be blown at nine o'clock, at which time all
officers and enlisted men must be in quarters.
Drill Calls. — The time for drill call may be selected
by officers commanding company; they must drill
at least two hours each day from the time of
assembling, and the officer commanding battery
will notify battalion commander an to the honi*P
selected — at least one comuiisfiioned officer will
bo present at every drill, and sec that the non-
commissioned officers ])ro|)erly instruct the men.
Feeding^ Watr/ring, and Grooming. — Grain will be fed
twice daily, lono- food at night; .Hero;eants, with
drivers, will go from reveille roll call directly to
the stables, and feed. After fecdino;, the horsen
will be led to the picket- rope and thoroughly
groomed. Great cai'e must be given to rub the
legs, joints, and under the fetlocks dry, to avoid
scratches, and grease heel — captain and other
officers must be present, except the batter}* officer
of preceding day — then taken to and from water
in a walk by twos in column, accompanied by
the battery officer of the day. After grooming,
the stables will be cleaned by a detail for the pur-
pose, under charge of the battery otficer of tho
day. At fonr o'clock stable call shall be blown,
when the horses will be taken to and from water
by twos in column, accompanied by the battery
officer of the day, then thoroughly groomed and
then fed; each time they must be groomed at
least thirty iniiiut€.< to each horse, and then in-
spected by the battery officer. If not properly
groomed, hr. will cause the driver, under the
direction of his sergeant, to immediately groom
the ho7'se double the usual time, and then be
brought to him for inspection.
Harness. — Eacks must be placed for harness wheu-
tver one day's halt is made; at other times, it
may be placed on foot-boards and tongues of car-
riages, never on the ground — care must be taken
to keep tho harness in good repair, well greased
■with neatsfoot oil, and cleaned.
160 APPENDIX.
Horses shall not be tied at any time to the guns or
caissons. A light picket-rope (1-inch) can be carried
on caisson of No. 1 gun. Men kicking, or striking
with buts of whips their horses, must be severely
punished, and each case reported at once, with char-
acter of person and punishment to the battalion com-
mander. Baggage must not be placed on limbers or
caissons. Cooking utensils and blankets must be car-
ried on the company wagon, also knapsacks, or on
the backs of men ; none of these articles shall be car-
ried on limbers or caissons. iJsTo lounging or careless
riding to be allowed, and drivers to be required to
dismount at halts on marches. When artillery is
marching with infantry, no watering must be allowed
on the march. Pole props not to be allowed to hang
loose, but to be placed when halted. Ammunition
when expended to be without delay replaced by requisi-
tion on ordnance officer. To be carefully sunned
daily when practicable, and any defective ammunition
to be at once reported in writing. After an action, a
report to be at once made, giving full particulars as to
the number of rounds fired, also the number of men
and horses killed and wounded, together with the
names of any commissioned officers or enlisted men
who shall have been conspicuous for gallantry or the
reverse. It will not always be possible in a campaign
to observe the hours appointed, or literally obey some
of the duties enjoined. But the spirit of them must
be obeyed. It is expected that commissoned and
non-commissioned officers shall make themselves thor-
oughly conversant with their duties, and, as far as
practicable, with those of grade next above them.
APPENDIX. 1(3]
IIi;ai)-Quarti:k6 Ukpaktaiknt Xorthiikn Virginia,
SPKOIAL ()lU)i;.l^ )
No. U-l. \
VI 11... A. board, lo cousisl of Colouol S. (Jrutchtiold,
Lic-iitoiKtnt-Coloiiel H. 8nowde;i Aiidrows, and Major
B. P. Joiu>.s is hei'cby appoiiit(Ml to inpot at the camp
c>r the artillery of the I'd (.-orps oi, the lOth instant,
or as «u)u there-alter a.s practieahle, to oxi)reHS an'
opinion a.s to the proper ]>r()portion of projectiles to
accompany tlie 12-pounder Napoleon,' the lO-pounder
Panott, and :Mnei] l^ifle guns; at.so, whether the effi-
c:it^ncy of artillery Aviil he impaired by omitting the
l)rolonge with the -•un-carrian-e, and extra wheel and
axle with the caists^m.
By conHna}id of General Lkk.
W. W. TAYLOK,
A. A. General
lu t'olST or KOARJ) OF AlJTILLKRY OmCKR.S OONVKNKD
nv viariiK of Speciai, Orokr. N(j. 1J4, IlKAn-QUAJt-
T>;it.s .\. .\. v., April 4. 18(;::i.
liead-quarters Arfilkry 'Id Corp,'s, April 10, 1803.
The br»ard met at one o'clock, p. m., pm-8nant to
Special Oi'der, A'o. lU, ]lead-<iJmrler8 A. N. V., current
14
162 APPENDIX.
series. After due consideration of the several ques-
tions therein submitted to us, we have the honor to
submit the following report :
1. We deem it decidedly inexpedient to abandon
the 2:>rolonge on gun-carriages. It is liglit in weiglu,
while experience has shown it exceedingly valuable
in a campaign — indeed, almost indispensable. It has
several times happened during the ])ast year, in this
command, that the pintle-hook on the gun-limber has
given aw^ay, and then the gun was carried by bending
a pole over the limber and lashing to it with tlie pro-
lonffe the lunette. Without this resource the gun or
its caisson, one*, w^ould have been abandoned of neces-
sity. Again, the prolonge has been found invaluable
in 'hauling the gun up steep declivities and through
very bad roads. ,,
2. We also deem it inexpedient to give up the fifth
wheel on the caissons. It is very heavy, and much
increases the draft, but spare wheels are always
needed after a battle; and, in dry w^eather, on hard
roads, it is very often necessary to take off the wheels
and cut the tires if circumstances permit, Avhile, if
they do not, some of the wheels give w\ay entirely,
and these fifth wheels are the onlj^ resource in the
case.
3. We believe that the best pro]3ortion for the sev-
eral kinds of ammunition for 12-pounder JNapoleon
guns is as follows : In each ammunition-chest, eight
rounds solid shot, fixed; sixteen rounds spherical-case
shot, fixed; four rounds shell, fixed; and three rounds
canister, fixed. And then we would recommend that
there be made for each gun eight rounds of canister,
thus : The tin canister to be of the present size, and,
instead of being charged with the twenty -seven ordi-
APPENDIX. 1G3
]iary iron shot, to bo IIIKmI with round inuskct-biillets
of calibre 0.09. No cartrid<>;es to bo attached to ov
])rovidod for these canister. They are to be carried
two in each chest, placed in the farther end of tlio
division appropriated to canister, and sitting one on
tlie top of the other. They are to be used either on
top of an ordinary canister, or on a solid shot, at
short range, when it is believed they will })rove highly
efficient. Thus there are reaWyfive rounds of canister
in each chest, three being fixed and two not.
4. Each of the ammunition-chests of the 10-poundor
Parrott or ']-incli rifled gun, is capable of canying
sixt}' rounds of ammunition, so that all four boxes
carry two hundred and forty rounds. This we believe
to be too much. Two hundred rounds should be
enough for one engagement, and one hundred and
eighty rounds in the caisson form a load far too heavy
foi' six horses. As it would not be advisable 1<> change
the dimensions of these boxes, we recommend that
the four shall cany only two hundred and four
rounds. And to dispose the load as advantageously
as possible that this reduction of thirty-six rounds
be made in the rear chest of the caisson, while the <li-
visions thus left vacant be devoted to carrying fuze-
ignitors, except of course the number necessary to be
carried in the gun -limber box for use with the gun,
should it become separated from its caisson. Thus
the chests on the limbers will be filled to their full
capacity of sixty rounds each. So will the middle
chest. In each of these chests we recommend that
there be carried six roundsof canister, eighteen shells,
and thirty-six rounds of shrapnel; while in the rear
chest, which carries but thirty-six rounds in all, there
should bo twenty-lnui' shrnpnol and twelve shells,
1 64 A^TENDIX .
making a total for each gun of eighteen canisters, one
hundred and thirt^^-two case-shot, and sixty-six shells.
We have the honor to remain,
A^ery respect'y, your ob't serv'ts,
(Signed) S. ORUTCHFIELD,
Colonel and Chief Artillery 2d Corp^.
■ (Signed; W. SNOWDE^ ANDREWS/^^
Lieutenant- Colonel commanding Battalion Artillery.
(Signed) li. P. JONES,
jMajor commanding Battalion Artillery.
Major Taylor,
A. A^ General.
"■•• I ilo ji'dt coii(-nr with tlie other members of the board in regaril to
the filih \vli«el on tiio caissons. I respectfully recommend that only
the alteruiite caissons shall carry a fifth wheel. This will give two
spare wheels to each four-gun batrery, and eight to a battalion, suffi-
cient in my judgment to meet any ordinary emergency. Weak or dis-
abled teams can be thus relieved, and entire teams kept from breakiui;,-
down. Tlie horses of the caissims have always sullcred morL' than
those of the guns. The weights of caisson and gun, liijht 12-ponniUr,
or Napoleon, equipped for field service, differ only forty-six pounds,
why, then, should one team suffer more than the other, because iVuui
the weight of the rear chest and the spare wheel exercising by their
positions a leverage which changes the line of draught very seriously
whenever the rear Avheels are below the ])lane of the front — fur in-
stance, when in a hole or ascending a hill. The weight of the fifth
wheel is one hundred and eighty pounds; at times it exerts by it:*
position, by changing the line of draught, more tluiu the C(iuivalent o(
live, hundred pounds. Believing eight spare wheels to be sufficient for
a battalion of four companies, I again respectfully recommend that
only the alternate caissons shall carry a fifth wheel.
R. SNOWDEN ANDREWS,
Lieuioiant-Colonel cum/nandiny liuttaliim Artillery.
Pl. /
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